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The Lord has chosen new wars : marianist brothers' contribution to moral and integral boys' education in Zambia (1966-1991).
(2022) Muyuni, Audrey
This research was based on the Lord has chosen new wars, Marianist Brothers’ contribution to moral and integral boys’ education in Zambia (1966-1991). The main purpose was to examine the contribution the Marianist Brothers made to moral and integral boys’ education in Zambia and how the utilisation of the five-fold Marianist charism pedagogy enhanced or did not enhance pupils’ lives after leaving the school. The study was guided by the following research objectives: to establish aspects of morality that have been integrated with education by Marianist Brothers of Matero Boys Secondary School (MaBoys), to examine how particular moral values in the education philosophy of the Marianist Brothers have shaped the way of life of MaBoys and to analyse the motives of Marianist Brothers’ selection of particular cornerstones of moral values. These objectives formed the main basis for the achievement of the study’s overarching purpose highlighted earlier. A qualitative methodology was utilized to gather data from participants using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussion and from documents. Key documents analysed using document analysis consisted of the world view of the Catholic and Marianist educational philosophies. The findings showed that at MaBoys, the Marianist education was the core of morality. The Marianist community of teachers integrated the pedagogical practices of the five-fold Marianist charism, which included education for adaptation and change, in their education philosophy and formed Christ in the souls of young boys. This was evident in that the Marianist imprint remained in the boys’ lives long after school. Their lives were transformed socially, spiritually and economically. The study concluded that in line with the Marianist Motto ‘Deeds not Words’ the boys at MaBoys had been transformed into visible words by their acts and behaviour after school. The motto signified the Marianist Brothers’ commitment in their mission to educate boys. The study recommended, among others, that since the current research investigated on the first twenty- five years with the original set up of the first Marianist Brothers, there was need for another study to review the current moral teaching integrated with the revised curriculum of 2013 at MaBoys, in the absence of the original pioneers.
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Experiences and coping strategies of school going breastfeeding adolescents from Katimamulilo and Sesheke secondary schools in Sesheke district, Western province of Zambia.
(The University of Zambia., 2023) Mooto, Mutakatala
The estimated rate of teen motherhood in the sub-Saharan region is 40 per cent. In Zambia, 28% of girls and young women aged 15 to 19 years are mothers or have been pregnant before, constituting more than 275,000 teenagers. In 2014, it was estimated that there were 15,000 pregnancies among enrolled girls per year. The re-entry policy was introduced in Zambia in 1997 to give a chance to pregnant girls to continue their education. However, the re-entry policy is insufficient and may not protect adolescent school-going mothers from the challenges of mothering while schooling. The challenges may be due to little or no support from school and family. Financial constraints, discrimination, and stigma may also affect their adaptation and coping strategies, ultimately leading to stress. The study aimed to explore the experiences and coping strategies of School Going Breastfeeding Adolescents from Katima-Mulilo and Sesheke Secondary Schools of Western Province in Zambia. The study used descriptive phenomenology to explore the lived experiences of adolescent breastfeeding school girls and was conducted at Katima-Mulilo and Sesheke Secondary Schools. The study population comprised girls from Sesheke and Katima-Mulilo secondary schools who had re-entered after maternity leave. A purposive sampling technique without maximum variation was used in the study. A total of 16 participants (14 school girls who were breastfeeding and had re-entered school and two teachers) were included in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire guide was used to collect data relevant to the study’s objective. Data was collected using in-depth tape-recorded interviews. The first step in analysing the data collected was to transcribe it from audio to written text, after which it was coded using Microsoft Word mixed with Nvivo version 11. The coded data were then grouped into themes, then compared and grouped under each objective under study. Finally, a spider diagram was used to show how it was navigated from themes to sub-themes under each thematic area. The findings were that the main challenges the girls experienced were how to take care of the baby while at school, poor academic performance, missing classes, no support from school authorities, financial matters, and stigma and discrimination. The coping strategies used included time management, keeping busy and ignoring. Therefore, the recommendation focused on the Ministry of Education to develop a formal orientation package for re-entered girls and provide space for breastfeeding girls to interface with their babies. Further, school authorities and parents must work together with other government departments and Non-Governmental Organisations to offer financial counselling and support to the girls. The school authority and teachers should also prepare the environment, especially the peers, to receive the re-entered breastfeeding girls to avoid stigmatisation and discrimination. As for the school-going breastfeeding adolescents, they need to adopt a positive outlook on life during their time at school through engagement in keeping busy with lessons and studying. Further, they need to welcome, appreciate and fully utilize support given by the family, school and Non-Governmental Organisations to keep the stress at bay
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Assessment of the above ground carbon stock in the disturbed part of Kanonge local forest of Kaputa district in Northern province, Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2023) Nyirenda, Amos
The sequestration and storage of additional atmospheric carbon from anthropogenic sources by forests contribute significantly to the mitigation of climate change. There are several factors that can alter the carbon store in forest ecosystems, some of which change over time, including climatic factors, insect or disease outbreaks, as well as anthropogenic factors. Therefore, by planting, managing, and rehabilitating forests sustainably, forest carbon stocks can be preserved and enhanced. The use of a sequential explanatory design allowed the quantitative data to be collected and analysed first and the qualitative data to be collected and analysed later to explain the variable linkages. As a result, 15 sample plots were used in the forest, 266 households were sampled in villages adjacent to the forest, and 30 key informants were purposively sampled from the Forestry Department and Zambia Forestry and Forest corporations (ZAFFICO). The quantitative data was collected using forest inventories and household surveys, while the qualitative data was collected using key informants’ interviews. The allometric equations were used to analyse forest inventory data; logistic regression was used to analyse household survey data; and the key informant interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. The results show that the above-ground biomass and carbon stock were 347.22 t ha-1 and 195.81 t ha-1, respectively. The logistic regression results show that forest product use, farm size, household size, and forest clearing were the significant predictors of the aboveground carbon stock loss. The results further reveal that there is inadequate intersectoral coordination at the district and local levels. Further study should be done to find strategies to sustain carbon stocks in the forest while maintaining the use of the forest by the local communities. This study provides accurate estimates of forest and tree carbon stocks and supports the development of the district integrated plan in accordance with decentralized policy. This information can therefore be used at the district and national levels in various carbon programs like REDD+, offering the district the chance to participate in the fight against climate change and global warming.
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Economic implication of human wildlife conflict in Lupande game management area - Mambwe district, eastern province.
(The University of Zambia, 2023) Chilembo, Robert Morgan
Conflicts between humans and wildlife have occurred in the world since the dawn of humanity. These conflicts can cause damage or economic challenges due to both incidences of crop damage and the deaths of domestic animals, as well as human deaths and poaching. Therefore, the aim of the study was to estimate the economic loss to small-scale farmers and the government. Four objectives were used for the study: to estimate the economic value of damage in agriculture; to estimate the economic value related to problematic animals controlled by the state; to estimate direct costs associated with human-wildlife conflict management response strategies; and to assess the effectiveness of response strategies on human-wildlife conflict in Lupande Game Management Area. The following specific research questions formed the basis of this study to inaugurate the economic consequence: what is the estimated household annual economic value of damage in agriculture caused by wildlife?, what is the estimated economic value of the problematic animals controlled?, what are the associated direct costs involved in responding to human-wildlife conflict management strategies?, and how can the measures taken in responding to human-wildlife conflict be improved? Relevant literature was discussed in this research with the aim of establishing the gap between this study and other previous related studies. The research was based on pragmatism, where both ontological and epistemological orientations were used. Convenient sampling was used with key informants by administering a semi-structured interview guide. Purposive sampling was used in focus group discussions using the focus group discussion guide. The secondary raw data sets used were from the Department of National Parks and Wildlife. The analysis used descriptive statistics, using averages, percentages, and totals to analyze quantitative data, while qualitative data was analyzed using content and thematic analysis. In the findings on damage in agriculture, it was established that economic loss was quite enormous, affecting farmers, with K180, 317.00 being the highest in the damage range of 25–50 percent. Regarding the estimation of economic value related to problematic animal control by killing, the government incurred revenue losses amounting to K 4,318,049.86. The findings show that more expenses on the direct costs associated with human-wildlife conflict management response strategies were incurred on the procurement of a vehicle, a Land Cruiser, in 2021 for easy transportation, which increased the fuel cost, as well as volunteers who were employed to aid in proficiency, which doubled the expense from the previous years, which stood at K771, 262.00 in 2019, K 558,228 in 2020, and K1, 225,655. On the other hand, it was established that other costs, such as erecting solar fences and chilli bombs, received less investment in direct costs in 2021, a situation that may have triggered an increase in human-wildlife conflict cases compared to the previous years of 2019 and 2020, when they received much attention. In order to effectively respond to human-wildlife conflict in the area, the findings showed that controlling conflict by killing problematic animals, using chilli bombs to scare away animals, and erecting solar fences in conflict hotspot areas was effective. Other measures established include enhanced education through sensitization, avoiding cultivation in animal corridors, improved construction of watch tower vantage points, and enhancement of the newly introduced smelly fences. In conclusion, it was established that the economic implications for small-scale farmers and revenue loss to the government through control by killing problematic animals were huge. Thus, there is a need for the government to enhance the construction of solar fences around field settlements and consider formulating a policy towards the revenue recovery from controlled animal trophies. For future research, it is recommended that a similar study be undertaken in all 36 game management areas in Zambia.
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Factors associated with the increase in bottle feeding among children 0-5 months in Zambia.
(2023) Nzumba, Elizabeth
The study aimed at determining factors associated with the increase in bottle feeding among children 0-5 months in Zambia. The Data used in the study was drawn from a cross sectional study design collected through Demographic Health Survey and was analyzed using Stata version 15.0. To investigate the association between the dependent variable and the independent variables, a simple binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. Then multivariate logistic regression analysis was used based on a significance level of p-value < 0.05. Thus the adjusted odds ratios were obtained by entering at once all the independent variables that were found to be significant in the bivariate analyses. The study was guided by the following research questions. a) What is the magnitude of bottle feeding? b) What are the socio-economic factors associated with bottle feeding? The study revealed that, 3.3% of women bottle-fed their children while 96.7% did not. The study found that women with higher education had the highest percentage of bottle feeding at 21.48% followed by the richest women at 13.92% and 11.45% for women that delivered by caesarean section. It was found that richest women had higher odds of bottle feeding than the poorest women with (AOR = 7.92; 95% CI: 3.967, 15.806). It was revealed that women who delivered by C-section were1.51times more likely to bottle feed than those who did not deliver by C-section. On the other hand, Women from rural areas were 0.66 times less likely to be bottle feed compared to those in urban areas. Therefore, the study recommends: i. The establishment of friendly breastfeeding workplace policies for working mothers. ii. The enactment of laws to allow for six months paid maternity leave to enable employed mothers to exclusively breastfeed. iii. For strict adherence to ARV treatment for breast feeding parents living with HIV. iv. The need for future research on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving exclusive breast feeding.