Students' Project/Research Reports

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Abortion: Should it be legalized in Zambia
(2013-10-09) Kabwe, Chiti Yvonne
Acceptance and utilization of condoms in the prevention of HIV/AIDS amongst christian men in Mwinilunga.
(2014-06-30) Lupili, Hellen Mulenga.
The title of this study is Acceptance and Utilization of Condoms in the Prevention of HIV/AIDS amongst Christian men in Mwinilunga. The main objective is to determine the factors that influence the acceptance and utilization of condoms in the prevention of HIV/AIDS among Christian men in Mwinilunga. The specific objectives are to determine the level of acceptance of condoms among Christian men, determine the level of utilization of condoms among Christian men, determine the factors that influence the acceptance and utilization of condoms and make recommendations to all the concerned parties on how to increase condom use among Christian men in order to prevent HIV/AIDS. The study was conducted between 23rd August and 1st October, 2004.The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents were aged between 25-34 years (50%). The majority of the respondents were married 66%, 40% were Lunda and belonged to New Convenant Church. This could be attributed to the fact that marriage is universal in Zambia and people marry at any age sometimes as early as 16 years; and the study was conducted in a predominantly Lunda speaking area. Apart from that, the study also found that the majority of the respondents 23(46%) had attained college level of education and were in formal employment 23 (46%). This could be attributed to some cultural practices where families may opt to marry off their daughters instead of sending them to school therefore it is not surprising that the same son who was empowered with the education would easily find formal employment.
Accessibility of public buildings to disabled persons
(2013-12-17) Chilufya, Mutinta M.
This research discusses the inaccessibility of public buildings in relation to persons with disabilities. The research identifies inadequacies of these buildings and considers the practical challenges that persons with disabilities are faced with as a result. The research further examines the effect of this inaccessibility on the dignity and right to equality of persons with disabilities as well as their other rights. The research thereafter discusses the contribution that accessible buildings can have on mainstreaming disabled persons in employment, education and health.Through interviews and a case example, the research established that most public buildings in Lusaka are inaccessible, as they were constructed in a way that hinders reaching or using them freely. Despite being intended for use by the general public they do not take into consideration the needs of persons with disabilities. Findings of this research reveal that these buildings lack ramps, handrails, elevators, user friendly restrooms and other facilities necessary for disabled persons to freely use a building. This state of affairs has resulted in disabled persons facing practical challenges (which are degrading at times) when making use of the services offered in such buildings. The research further established that as a result, there have been negative consequences on disabled persons' inherent dignity and right to equality. In addition, inaccessibility has restricted their enjoyment of the rights to independent living, inclusion in society and equality of opportunity.The research considered that making public buildings accessible whether by universal design or reasonable accommodation would contribute greatly to the mainstreaming of persons with disabilities in Zambia. This would afford disabled persons an opportunity to participate in employment, education and health on an equal basis with able-bodied persons. Thereby promoting equality and enhancing dignity.As such the research makes recommendations with the aim of achieving equality and dignity for persons with disabilities through the provision of accessible buildings. There is need to formulate standards of accessibility to be used in conducting extensive country wide access audits on all public buildings. In addition, educating relevant stakeholders on the value of accessible buildings and using tax incentives to motivate property owners to make their buildings accessible.
The administration of justice in the local and surbodinate cpourts of Zambia:an overview of the appropriateness of the present structure,procedure and qualifications of personnel
(2011-10-27) Nyambe, Mukelabai
This dissertation undertakes to examine the application of the concept of justice to the practical realities of court processes and administration in the Local and Subordinate Courts of Zambia, that is the lower courts - other than the High Court and the Supreme Court. The thesis is divided into four parts. Part one comprises one chapter; part two consists of two chapters. Part three has one chapter which is divided into two sections; and part four has three chapters. Chapter one discusses the concept and intricacies of justice. In chapter two an historical background to the present Local and Subordinate Courts in Zambia, is undertaken. It concentrates on the period 1890-1924 when colonialism first set in through the rule of the British South African Company (BSA Co.). Chapter three carries further the historical investigation of the evolution of the local courts and subordinate courts during the period 1924-1964 when the country was under direct British Rule taking over from the company. These chapters trace the origins of these courts or what may have been analogous to them, from the very early time of colonisation to the time of independence. Issues of the kind of personnel that presided over these courts, their qualifications and the socio-economic climate existing at different periods that may have had some influence on the court structures and function, are noted. Chapter four focusses on the post-independence developments with emphasis on the changes that were made to the structure of the Local and Subordinate Courts including new policy pronouncements which were put into effect. In Chapter five we examine some of the existing setbacks to the administration of justice in these lower courts. This chapter particularly looks at the role of and problems that two related institutions for the administration of justice (the Police and Legal Aid Department) have brought. Chapter six brings to the fore problems identified in the course of the earlier chapters, in order to try and assess and suggest possible improvements and solutions. Chapter seven concludes the discussion by way of summary of some fundamental aspects and issues brought out in the main text of the dissertation.
The Administration of Justice in Zambia:The local courts and Subordinate courts
(2015-01-29) silavwe, John
Admissibility of confessions and the doctrine of recent possession in the Zambian criminal justice system and its response to wrongful convictions
(2013-04-15) Ngisi, John
The Admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in Zambia: A comparative study of the American, English, and Zambian Legal Systems
(2014-08-28) Chibula, Terence
The adoption act: how necessary is it in the Zambian customary setting
(2013-05-16) Muyoyeta, Nalishebo M
The aim of this research is mainly to examine the provisions of the Adoption Act' in relation to the Zambian customary law. The pluralistic nature of the Zambian legal system renders both statutory and customary law applicable. Statutory law is applicable as a result of the law as was adopted from Britain, the ex colonial power. Customary Law on the other hand comprises of practices and usages of indigenous people. It is also recognized in the Zambian Constitution.^ In the Zambian customary setting, the concept of formal adoption did not exist because of the extended family system which exists in the Zambian culture and takes care of those children who are orphaned. Apart from one's parents, a child regards his aunties and uncles as mother and father and all cousins are considered as brothers and sisters. Traditionally society made room for children whose parents for one reason or another failed to take care of them. What used to happen and still happens to a lesser extent is that those children were immediately placed under the care of relatives. In the event of the death of both parents, the situation was the same in that the surviving relatives took over the responsibility and care of the orphans. It was unheard of for children to be placed in an orphanage just because they had lost both parents. There was always a relative even if remotely related who could take care of the children.
Adoption of improved agricultural technology among subsistance/small scale farmers: A case stdy of Kanchomba in Choma district
(2015-06-15) Hameja, Dennis
The adoption of modern methods of agrleu1ture in Zambia among small scale farmers involves a process of trial avid error. It is a complex Issue characterized by a process of moving forward and backwards until one makes a final decision. Small-scale farmers readily accept the new idea when it is socially and economically beneficial to them and does not involve a lot: of risks. The discussion of results have revealed that there has been a tremendous increase in the sphere of adoption of improved methods of agriculture since the colonial period, involvi.ng the use of chemical. fertilisers, hybrid seeds., improved implements such as ploughs, hurrows, cultivators etc., The increase in adoption have been facilitated partly as a. result of European settler farmer's influence, and also due to 'the provision of subsidies by government, which enabled farmers to purchase the .inputs at affordable prices.. Adopt ion has a 1 so been encouraged through extension , credit, and marketing policies since independence. The Resaroh findings also show that. farmers use traditional methods of cultivation involving the use of hoes, axe, kraal manure and no n~ hybrid. seeds.. due to inadequate funds to PUT"chose the best inputs,, Further, it shows that farmers in Kanchomba , also face a number of Problems such as late rains and delivery of inputs, lack of capital to purchase the inputs and repair the implements: and persistent droughts. This project, therefore attempts to investigate the spatial extent of diffusion of modern agriculture methods and their effects on production among the small-scale farmers of Kanchomba in Chomba Didtrict.
The adoption of Sorghum as a drought resistant crop by peasant farmers in Mukonchi area, Kabwe
(2015-09-07) Kasulu, Linda
This study attempts to find out the adoption of sorghum as a drought resistant crop by peasant farmers in Mukonchi, Kabwe rural, Central Province, Zambia. The study seeks to assess the extent to which peasant farmers have adopted sorghum due to the frequent droughts being experienced in the area. The research also hopes to assess the extent to which the agricultural extension services have contributed to the adoption of sorghum. This is as a result of the frequent droughts being experienced and yet farmers continue to grow maize instead of drought resistant crops. The methods used to collect data were by use of a Questionnaire and review of secondary sources. The collection of primary data was through direct interviews of the questionnaire to a sample of farmers who were randomly selected. The secondary information was obtained from; researchers in Kabwe, Mutwe-wa-nsof u and Mukonchi research stations. Information on rainfall and temperature pattern of the area was provided, by Lusaka meteorological station while the initial information on the subject was collected from the University of Zambia main library and mount makulu. Tables, charts and graphs are used to present the data collected. Analysis of data was done manually and it relies on percentages and the chi—square. The research findings indicate that there is a good number of farmers who have adopted the growing of drought resistant crops and that most of them grow millet as opposed to sorghum. The findings also show that agricultural extension services have contributed to the adoption of sorghum as a drought resistant crop in Mukochi area.
Adquate provisions of the law in promotion and management of disability in the workplace
(2013-04-25) Sisya, Sandra Zelu
This dissertation seeks to ascertain the adequacy of the law in promoting and managing disability at the workplace. In order to do this, the paper employs primary and secondary methods of data collection including interviews with key staff in relevant organisations. The dissertation considers the subject of occupational health and safety and promotion and management of disability at the workplace in particular, under domestic framework such as the Workers Compensation Fund Control Board and international standards as set by the International Labour Organisation. This research showed that there is an insufficient legal framework and implementation infrastructure to effectively promote and manage disability in the workplace. In fact, though the Workers Board subrogates the responsibility of the employer to compensate, rehabilitate and possibly return-to-work the affected worker, the sums payable as compensation are meagre because they are indexed to the regulating Act which has no regard to variables such as inflation. The dissertation concluded that the domestic law has not fully incorporated the provisions of the international instruments which provide for adequate compensation, rehabilitation and retainment of employees. It also concluded that rehabilitation should include reasonable accommodation of the work environment. In view of these findings the dissertation recommends among other things that managing disability at the workplace should not be left to the discretion of the employer alone. It should be provided for by a minimum standard set by the Occupational Health and Safety Act.
The adverse effects of Lacunas on the Zambian legal system
(2013-09-26) Chisenga, Sydney
Aggravated robbery in the Zambian criminal justice system: controlled use of firearms
(2013-11-29) Nachilima, Patricia
The regulation of firearms is a pertinent issue in every nation because it hinges on the protection of human life. A nation with uncontrolled use of firearms is prone to have high levels of insecurity. As a result nations, such as Zambia have developed firearm laws which control the use of firearms in that particular State. The Firearms Act, Chapter 110 of the Laws of Zambia regulates firearms in Zambia. This research investigates the role of the firearm licensing procedure prescribed in the Firearms Act, with regard to the controlled use of firearms. This study is important because it coincides with a period of public debate and outrage on the uncontrolled use of firearms, increase in aggravated robbery cases and other related cases in Zambia. There have been newspaper reports and cases concerning shootings and cases of aggravated robberies. This uncontrolled use of firearms has raised concern as to how the Firearms Act aids regulation of firearms. Using desk analysis this research evaluates legislation such as the Firearms Act and the Penal Code; it also evaluates literature such as case law and other documentation. Information relevant to this research was also obtained from interviewing officers at the Zambia Police Headquarters and the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. This research finds that the licensing procedure under the Firearms Act does not regulate access of firearms to the public because of the weaknesses in the licensing procedure. This research recommends that the Firearms Act be amended to include stringent measures to control access of firearms to the public.
Agriculture In Zambia: The effects of feeding varying levels of diatomaceous earth on the perfomance of broilers
(The University of Zambia, 2008) Kayumu, Ramans
The broiler industry is rising in Zambia and smallholder farmers are participating in back- yard gardens. Feed is the highest cost in broiler production. The Diatomaceous Earth (DE) is a naturally occurring inert material, which has proved to have various effects including improving growth rate of animals. A study to determine the effects of adding varying levels of DE to feed on performance of broilers was conducted for period of seven (7) weeks at the University of Zambia, School of Agricultural Sciences field station. In the study research, using the completely randomized design with six (6) treatments and four(4) replicates a total of 240 day -old Ross chicks non sexed were used. The birds were fed Broiler Starter Mash from National Milling Company Limited for four weeks and Broiler Finisher for three weeks. The feed was supplemented with DE levels of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% which was mixed with feed. Data on feed consumption, body weights and feed conversion ratio was collected and statistically analyzed. The data obtained revealed that there were no significant (p<0.05) differences in feed consumption, body weight and feed conversion ratio between all the treatments. The analysis of the Cost Benefit Ratio (CBR) revealed that more profit can be realized at 0% DE when birds are sold at same price regardless of weight .However if birds are sold on weight basis, the 2% DE inclusion is more profitable. The results on the organoleptic test indicated that DE inclusion in the diet has no effect on eating quality of broiler meat. It is, therefore, concluded that DE can be economically included at 2% on broiler ration.
Agro Informatics System (AIS)
(2015-01-29) Velemu, Charles
Agriculture can be defined as the science or practice of farming, including the growing of crops and the rearing of animals. Agriculture is one of the most important sectors in Zambia's economy and could benefit tremendously with the application of information communication technology. Due to tremendous advances during the last decade, information technology is today affecting all the spheres of human life. We can exploit these advances to design a cost-effective system to provide expert advice to farmers and the general public. This project focuses on how information communication technology can be used to better improve agriculture in Zambia. This will be done by implementing an online electronic Agro trading system, a livestock and vegetable farming information repository, a google maps implementation showing crop distribution in different farming areas of Zambia and an electronic records management system for local cooperatives and associations.
Alienation and the individuation experience: a study of select characters from the novels of Achebe, Oyono and Thiong'o
(2012-03-05) Mumba, Norah Mbalose
This study explores psychological, social and physical reaction by Africans to the colonial experience through literary characters created by three of Africa's leading writers. These are Chinua Achebe (Things Fall Apart), Ferdinand Oyono (Houseboy and The Old Man and the Medal) and Ngugi wa Thiong'o (The River Between). It considers how characters like Okonkwo, Toundi, Meka, Muthoni and others individually suffered alterations to the normal equilibrium of their individual lives upon being faced with the new circumstances prescribed upon them by colonisation. They all needed to develop some sort of coping mechanism in attempting to come to terms with their altered environment and challenged identity. The central thrust of the study is the concept of individuation as developed by Carl Gustav Jung in his Analytical Psychology. The process of individuation is a quest towards achieving psychic wholeness through psychological development. It entails emotional growth, discovery of meaning in life and occasionally enlightenment or victory over inner obstacles. The individuated person is one who has undergone a process of recovering the meaning of his life, after having lost it. The loss of meaning in life is occasioned by a feeling of alienation such as that brought on by colonisation upon the native populations. Such loss is usually accompanied by loss of one's religious belief. Colonialism introduced Christianity and forced a re-orientation of subjugated peoples from their original religious systems to embracing the white man's religion. This abrupt and forced departure from their own belief systems was not without cost. Not only were there major ramifications in psychological terms but also the colonisers set out to use the new religion as a tool for disempowering the natives. The result was a mixture of psychological as well as physical violence inflicted by the whites upon the subjugated black people. Analytical Psychology is employed to try to understand the workings of the human mind from the perspective of the Victim' as well as to find the source in the human psyche of such orchestrated victimisation of one set of people by another. Jungian psychology attempts to identify the workings of the human psyche that may predispose one set of people to behave in a particular manner, to share particular mind DNA, and how an individual may inherit from the collective such a DNA pattern.
Alternative dispute resolution and its place in the Zambian judicial system
(2013-10-14) Young, Amelia Pio
Over the past several decades, there had been a growing interest amongst advocates world-wide, in the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques to resolve their clients' disputes more economically and efficiently. In the face of bottlenecks and backlogs in the court systems, as well as spiralling costs and fees, courts and members of the legal fraternity have been part of the movement seeking means other than litigation for resolving disputes.The development of more flexible means of resolving disputes in the form of ADR techniques has therefore gained increasing popularity, and the Zambian legal system is no exception. Certainly, the advantages to be gained by the implementation of ADR in the Zambian legal system provide enormous potential and as such, ADR has not gone unnoticed in Zambia.In the past year alone, tremendous reforms have been made in the Zambian legal system, and a study on ADR is therefore most timely in this context.This paper seeks to introduce to the reader, the concept of ADR and its implications in the Zambian context. In our first chapter, gives a brief overview of the problems faced by the court systems today and the need for alternatives to traditional litigation, not only because of congestion in the court systems or because of the need to save time and money, but more importantly, because of the many advantages that ADR processes bring to the disputants. We also provide a basic introduction to ADR, giving a bird's eye view of the various processes and techniques in the resolution of disputes, and highlighting the importance of ADR processes to any judicial system.We trace the history of ADR in general, and the historical development of ADR in Zambia in our second Chapter, giving an account of the genesis of the ADR movement and the current importance and status of ADR mechanisms. The importance and relevance of the historical background to this study is that it gives the reader who is new to ADR an idea of the speed and impetus with which the ADR movement has grown in recent times. This is an important aspect in that it creates a setting in which ADR has become an important and topical subject, of particular interest not only to lawyers in Zambia today, but more importantly, to the law students - the future generations of lawyers who will undoubtedly come across these processes in the not-too-distant future, and will require some idea as to how ADR developed as an important part of any judicial process.Our third Chapter gives a philosophical analysis of the various underlying factors that need to be considered in examining ADR processes. It highlights the basic underlying conceptual ideologies behind each process, and relates these concepts to the manner in which the lawyer and the client relate within the ADR environment. This is an important Chapter in that it creates a philosophical backdrop that conduces to the understanding of ADR processes and lays the foundation for the practical application of these processes. Further, it elucidates the broad approaches to ADR processes, pointing out how the basic underlying concepts impact upon the various players in the ADR system.Chapter four goes into the specifics of ADR Processes. It discusses the Primary ADR Processes and their practical application, as well as the Hybrid Processes. The major ADR processes, namely, arbitration, mediation and negotiation, are compared with traditional litigation, and described along with their advantages and disadvantages. An important section in this chapter relates to the current status of ADR processes in Zambia, detailing the major developments in recent years. The law stated is as at May 2000.Our fifth and final Chapter draws on previous chapters to highlight the importance and the necessity for ADR in Zambia, in order to make recommendations in terms of the institutional and legal framework for the implementation of ADR in Zambia
Analysis and advice on the legal effect of the Cotonou agreement on the Zambia Public procurement Act
(2013-05-09) Maimbo, Daniel
This study sought to generate an understanding and knowledge of issues surrounding the utilisation of European Development Fund (EDF) procurement procedures on funds granted to Zambia by the European Union (EU) under the Cotonou Agreement, at the expense of utilising the Public Procurement (PPA) Act of Zambia. The sample included all the GRZ ministries and agencies that have fundamental role in the initiation, signing and execution of the Cotonou Agreement. The study was conducted using a legal centralist approach. A desk study approach focused on the Agreement and subsequent documents; the Constitution, the PP and the Public Finance (PF) Acts; and judicial precedents. Data was analysed qualitatively. The most significant findings are that, on one hand, utilizing EDF procurement procedures on EDF funded procurements under the Cotonou Agreement is mandatory; on the other hand, all grants to Zambia are public funds on which the PP Act is applicable unless an alternative procurement system has been approved as per the Act. Despite the EDF procedures not being domesticated, they are being applied by the National Authorising Officer (NAO) of the EDF for all EDF funded procurements. There is need to amend the PP Act so as to make it clearer and realistic on what law is applicable for donor funds with mandatory, but distinct procurement rules and procedures. Where necessary, domestication of alternative rules and procedures has to be effected speedily.
''An analysis of agricultural policy process in Zambia
(2015-11-11) Sindano, Mutengo
Over the last decades, Zambia has been constantly carrying out and implementing agricultural policy initiatives that have been aimed at addressing agricultural constraints. However, its impact and the performance of agricultural sector have been unsatisfactory. Therefore, this study focused on identifying the players in the Agricultural Policy formulation, information flow from inception to the implementation level, and to identifying the bottlenecks hindering the formulation and implementation of agricultural policy and then offers policy recommendations. Qualitative method was used to collect data, which involved informal interviews with experts, and key informants in both informal and formal organisations using appropriately designed checklists directed at the employees or key informants in these organisations. Published and unpublished documents were also reviewed as sources of information. The data and information from the checklist was collated, compiled and synthesized into useful information From the results the major stakeholders identified in Agricultural Policy formulation process were MACO, ZNFU, Cabinet, Parliament, MCTI, MLA, MFNP, ZRA, ZCC, IC, donors and ZACCI. In addition, the phases in the agricultural policy formulation process are policy inception and implementation. Stakeholder Consultation, inter-Ministries Consultations, Cabinet Memorandum Review and Implementation. The study also identified the major bottlenecks, which affect the formulation of agricultural policy, and these are lack of co-ordination between ministries, conflicts of views, overlapping responsibilities of ministries, lack of resources and different stakeholders' groups. Therefore, for the government to improve the problems encountered in the policy process it must raise the quality of publicly funded research and extension services, as well as increasing the process of consultation to maximise farmers' participation in the policy formulation process, implementation, monitoring and evaluation.
An analysis of circumstantial evidence in discharging the burden of proof: A critical review of the Zambian Jurisprudence
(2013-02-20) Chabu, Mercy
This dissertation consists of the law relating to circumstantial evidence in discharging the burden of proof and has sought to criticize the Zambian jurisprudence in that regard. In order to come up with the contents herein I sought help from the institutions themselves such as the police and the courts and the roles of the aforementioned were established. The law enforcement mechanism such as the police and the courts have a big role to play to avoid convicting innocent people and must work hard in ensuring that justice is seen to be done, because in serious crimes such as murder of which the research is about, it is important to ensure that the right people are brought to justice. The paper is further sci/cd with the task of analy/ing circumstantial evidence because owing to the technicalities of the rules relating to circumstantial evidence innocent people arc frequently convicted. The court must therefore ensure that they take extra attention in the evidence that is brought before them before they can convict. The police and the courts must work hand in hand with the courts to establish the truth. It has been stated in this research that convicting someone based on circumstantial evidence alone leads to irreparable damages to the people so convicted because, it is not really established that they committed the offence that they have been charged with, and may face going away to prison for a crime they did not commit. The fact is that circumstantial evidence does not discharge the burden of proof, and since there are no equipments to use to establish the truth in Zambia it is therefore the task of the court to avoid using it to convict a person, especially in murder cases where the punishment is severe and a person may face the death penalty. The research was qualitative and bases on both primary and secondary sources, the former consisted of interviews with the law enforcement officers such as the police and the courts while the latter consisted of the use of books, internet sources and the Constitution of Zambia. In conclusion the study has recommended that with Government's financial assistance adequate and effective measures should be put in place to allow a conviction on circumstantial evidence in Zambia such as is the case in the American and British context as mentioned herein, otherwise until we develop our system to such an extent circumstantial evidence should not be used.

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