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The state of democracy in Zambia.
(FODEP & UNZA-PAS, 2011) Chipenzi, McDonald; Kaela, Laurent C W; Madimutsa, Clever; Momba, Jotham C; Mubanga, Hope; Muleya, Nchimunya; Musamba, Charity
Zambia became renowned for its peaceful transition from one party to multi-party democracy when in 1991 it replaced a sitting president through peaceful elections three years before the end of his term of office. This was part of a general trend in Africa which began in the late 1980s and saw many African one-party regimes replaced by multi-party democracies following political changes in Europe, including the end of the Cold War. Although formally, Zambia has been a multi-party democracy, it was virtually a one-party state for two decades from 1991 to 2011 as the ruling Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) remained in power. The MMD is a political party that was formed by an amalgamation of organizations, which included civil society organizations, student groups, trade unions, church organizations and other interest groups of the same name that championed the return to multi-party democracy.