Humanities and Social Sciences

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An assessment of quality assurance in HIV and AIDS-related services in Chivuna rural health facility of Southern Zambia.
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2018) Machacha, Eliphas.C.
With many countries experiencing high prevalence rates of HIV scaling up ART, it is vital to assess quality assurance in health facilities accredited to pro- vide these HIV and AIDS-related services. Reviewed literature indicates that there are limited studies in Zambia on the capacity of accredited health care facilities to provide effective HIV/AIDS related services. Using data from a large ethnographic qualitative study in a resource poor rural setting in Zam- bia, this paper assesses quality assurance in health facilities to providing HIV/AIDS services in a remote rural setting. Findings show that although HIV and AIDS related services were available at the remote rural health facil- ity of Chivuna, the services provided did not meet the WHO minimum guide- lines/standards on the provision of such services. Therefore, there is need for such facilities to be adequately equipped in all the departments of ART deli- very so as to ensure effective delivery of these services and universal access. Keywords Zambia, HIV and AIDS, WHO Guidelines, Capacity of Health Facilities
An analysis of Gender issues in Zambian Literature in English
(2012-01-05) Chilala, Cheela F.K.
Domination of females by males is evident not only in the economic, political, educational and social spheres, but also in the field of written literature. Analyses of gender stratification in all these fields reveal and reflect the extent and nature of male dominance. In the area of written literature, gender inequalities are reflected and even perpetuated through the portraiture of male and female characters, the type and choice of language used, among other means. This study analyses the treatment of gender issues in six primary texts, all of them Zambian novels written in English. Three of the novels are male-authored while the others are female-authored. The male-authored texts are: The Accusing Finger, Ticklish Sensation and Changing Shadows by Nyambe Wina, Gideon Phiri and Henry Musenge respectively. The female-authored works, on the other hand, are: Picking up the Pieces, Behind the Closed Door, and The Fight for Justice, by Maliya Mzyece Sililo, Susan Chitabanta and Josephine Bwalya Muchelemba respectively. The purpose of this study is to identify intratextual and intertextual common features and trends. The method of analysis utilises theories of gender and textuality, particularly Gerard Genette's theory of textuality. The findings of this study reveal that Zambian literary works written in English are not only male-dominated, but also perpetuate and largely reflect the gender inequalities of Zambian society. Generally, male characters are portrayed in better light than female ones; they are generally more privileged than the womenfolk economically, politically, socially, and generally occupy higher positions than women. According to the findings, the male-domination of the literary field has not only entrenched the male perspective and writing style, but also influenced women writers to largely follow the male writing tradition. However, the findings also reveal that, despite being influenced by male writers, female writers also exhibit archetypes which are peculiar to a female perspective in writing. Finally, the findings show that some archetypes exist in Zambian literary works written in English by both male and female writers, and that these archetypes are largely similar to what obtains in similar works written by other African writers.
Analysis of selected non-state actors interventions on the problem of street children in Lusaka district.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Badat, Buchizya
The aim of this study was to analyse selected Non-State Actors’ interventions on the problem of Street Children in Lusaka District. The problem of Street Children in Lusaka has become a growing concern over the years, which necessitated many Non-State Actors taking up interventions to address the problem. The research focused on the interventions of Non-State Actors working with Street Children in Lusaka District. The study focuses on the different approaches taken by NonState Actors, such as Non-Governmental Organisations, Community-Based Organisations, and Faith-Based Organizations. The purpose of the research was to establish the initiatives used to address the problem of Street Children, the challenges faced when addressing the problem of Street Children and finally to establish measures applied to address the challenges they faced. The study adopted a qualitative study approach which used in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Data was collected through interviews using a Recorder. The data which was collected through indepth interviews with key informants and Focus Group Discussions with other participants was analyzed using a thematic approach. The main findings of this study revealed that there are several initiatives used by Non-State Actors to identify Street Children, get them from the streets and house them in their centres for rehabilitation. These initiatives include: the process of making initial contacts with the Street Children in their dwelling places, offering health care services, education, provision of food, clothing and nutritional programmes, offering sports and recreation services and hastening the process of family reunification. Several challenges were found to limit Non-State Actors to effectively meet their goals. Some of the main challenges in addressing the problem of Street Children were financial limitations, lack of coordination, cultural barriers, resistance from the Government, stigma and discrimination, outbreak of COVID-19, unclear identities of Street Children, security risks, inadequate infrastructure, family tracing, limited capacity and almsgiving to Street Children. Finally, the study findings established the measures for addressing the challenges faced when addressing the problem such as: sponsorship, building partnerships and networks and empowerment in addressing the problem of Street Children. The paper concludes by emphasing the need for collaborative efforts between the Government and the Non-State Actors in implementing the problem of Street Children programmes for improving the effectiveness of Non-State Actors' interventions on Street Children in Lusaka.
'China: a thousand feet tall tree knows its roots'
(Times of Zambia, 2019-10-09) Ngalande, Sande
Data collection methods for monitoring and evaluation.
(RIDDERPRINT BV, THE NETHERLANDS, 2018) Mwale, Nawa Shalala
Data collection is a critical component in the implementation of monitoring and evaluation strategies. It can be used to understand different trends, track progress of a project and demonstrate results for monitoring and evaluation. Researchers need to carefully plan and have knowledge on different methods that can be used in the monitoring and evaluation of projects, programmes and policies. The purpose of this chapter is to provide practical explanations of various data collection methods that can be used in monitoring and evaluation of projects. There is a wide variety of data collection methods available and the chapter has been written with the understanding that it is not possible to exhaust all the methods of collection for monitoring and evaluation of projects. To this end, references that point the reader to available resources on a number of methods especially the ones that may not be covered in this chapter are given.
The death trap
(2012-11-01) Katai, Kaule
Determinants and consequences of child marriages in Zambia: analysis of the Zambia demographic and health survery 2014.
(The University of Zambia, 2019) Namukonda, Edith S.
Child marriage has a devastating effect on adolescent girls such as poverty, early school dropout, HIV and other related sexually transmitted diseases. According to the Zambia Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS) 2014 report, statistics indicate that child marriage is more common among girls (17%) than boys (1%). However, the literature reveals a gap in the empirical evidence based on a national representative picture on the determinants and probable consequences of child marriage in Zambia. A comprehensive study has not been conducted which clearly represents the national picture of the causes and effects of child marriage in Zambia. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the determinants and the associated consequences of child marriage based on information obtained from the ZDHS 2014, a nationally representative population-based survey. The study used the ZDHS 2014 female dataset comprising of information of women within reproductive ages 15-49 years in Zambia with a sample of (n=11,094). Descriptive statistics were produced to look at the sample distributions and a correlation test was conducted to observe which variables were closely associated with the dependent variable. Bivariate analysis was later conducted to determine which variables were statistically significant and associated with the dependent variable. Models were later produced using multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine which variables emerged as highly significant and influence or affect Child marriage. The study found out that Child marriage is highest among women who have not attended any school, and education was identified as a protective against child marriage. Girls in rural areas are likely to get married at younger ages compared to those in urban areas, though the study reveals a borderline sigficance. Living in Luapula [OR,0.750, CI:0.573-0.983] or Western province [OR,0.386 CI:0.290-0.515] was more protective of Child marriage compared to living in Central province. Child marriage is highly associated with physical violence as shown in the study results. Most girls married below the age of 18years are at a higher risk of experiencing physical violence. These results are also evidence that child marriage increases the risk of physical violence among the victims, therefore Interventions to eliminate child marriage would help end physical violence.
Determinants of household credit demand in Zambia.
(2013-11-15) Wabei, Silumbu
There is a serious lack of empirical evidence on household credit demand in Zambia. This has led to an information gap in terms of evidence-based policy that would aid policy makers in the formulation of possible policy intervention to help stimulate and sustain household credit. Therefore, this dissertation attempts to partially fulfill this gap by analyzing the determinants of household credit demand in Zambia. Using a sample size of 20,000 households from the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey (LCMS) V of 2006, a probit model was used to predict the probability of borrowing due to the binary nature of the dependent variable. In addition, a subsequent tobit procedure was implemented to take into account the potential selectivity bias that arises due to the non-random choice of borrowing households. The total amount of borrowing per household, taken as a proxy of credit demand, is the dependent variable. Various important explanatory variables that influence credit demand were regressed against total borrowing. The explanatory variables include the size of the household, gender, age, education, total household expenditure, remittances received and residence. The discrete choice models that control for potential endogeneity and selectivity bias showed that all the explanatory variables were significant correlates of credit demand. These results reveal that the likelihood of credit demand will be higher with an increase in the size of the household, age and education. Furthermore, remittances received and residence in an urban area also increases the probability of borrowing. On the other hand, the probability of borrowing declines when a household is headed by a female or has low levels of expenditure. Based on these results, it is recommended that policy makers promote basic infrastructure for financial sector development in rural areas and focus on education policy that will enhance employment opportunities and individuals’ future income. They should also form credit schemes for the elderly and implement policies that are gender sensitive to gender inequalities in the financial market.
The efforts by the Zambia electricity supply corporation to reduce power outages and their impact in Lusaka high density areas.
(The University of Zambia, 2021) Pambwe, Blessings Kaela
Energy is said to be the engine of the economy globally. This is because critical social and economic services such as health, education, transport and commerce, among others cannot be efficiently and effectively provided in the absence of reliable and affordable energy services. However, in Zambia access to electricity in urban areas stands at 67.3% while in rural areas it is at 4.4% translating into 31.4% at the national level. The few who have access to electricity are also subjected to load shedding and notorious power outages. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effort by the Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation (ZESCO) to reduce power outages and their impacts in Lusaka’s High Density Areas. The research used a mixed method approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. A sample of 196 was engaged, comprising 190 respondents and six key informants. A questionnaire, observation and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The data was analyzed using SPSS, Microsoft Excel and content analysis. The finding indicated that ZESCO was making a lot of effort to reduce power outages in Lusaka’s High Density Areas. The findings showed that ZESCO was building more power stations in different parts of the country. These include the Kariba North power station and the Musonda falls power station among others. The company was also undertaking system re-enforcements by putting more transformers closer to the load centers. This involves identifying an area where they can put up another transformer in order to offload the existing customers to the new transformers.This eventually leads to load balancing. The study also showed that in order to ensure that the country’s generation capacity matches the ever increasing load demand, ZESCO had engaged various stakeholders such as Maamba collieries, Ndola energy and Bangweulu solar company to produce power and sell to ZESCO under the Bulk Power Purchase Agreement. This power is then fed into the national grid for transmission to consumers.The study also demonstrated that ZESCO had made some stride to reduce dependence on hydro power sources by building a 50MW solar power plant at the Lusaka Multi Facility Economic Zone while the Japanese were putting up a 300MW solar power plant in Mpika and Copperbelt province. In terms of the impact of the efforts by ZESCO in reducing power outages in Lusaka’s high density areas, the study found that the efforts by ZESCO impacted positively on the social and economic life of the people in high density areas. Power outages which were lasting up to 16 hours had drastically reduced to less than 2 hours per day while in some areas it was almost non- existent. People were now able to use electrical equipment like radios, television, fridges and stoves.The study also demonstrated that due to the efforts by ZESCO to reduce power outages, cases of houses getting burnt due to the frequent use of candles had also reduced. In addition, reduction in power outages also contributed to reduced criminal cases such as fighting, murder, stealing and rape cases which frequently took place especially at night.The other impact of the efforts by ZESCO to reduce power outages in the two areas is that it stimulated self-employment and increased productivity of home business through higher revenues of existing businesses and the creation of new ones. Furthermore, firms could no longer incur costs of raw materials that go to waste and damage to equipment resulting from sudden power outages. In the long run the number of workers deemed redundant was reduced as firms operated at full capacity.In the education sector, reduction in power outages resulted in increased education possibilities as school going children, especially those in examination classes, were now able to study either at their homes or their nearby schools during night times while in the health sector Service delivery to the people improved as hospitals and clinics were able to continue with their operations during the night. Key words: Effort, Impact, Power Outages and High Density Areas.
Emerging Patterns of Stress in Zambian English: Deviation or Nationalization ? An Exploratory Study
(The University of Zambia Press, 2011) Kashoki, Mubanga
Esquisse sur espace filmique et espace mental de la chambre dans Les enfants terribles de Cocteau et Melville
(The University of Zambia Press, 2010) Mwansa, Mulenga Rene
Abstract This article looks at the film `£e£ E#/o#/s rerrJ.6/es' by Jean Cocteau and Jean-Pierre Melville. The movie is a fiction drama about a brother and his elder sister who create an unrealistic romance. The scene of the bedroom unravels the shocking incest between siblings. Incest here might not be directly related to the Oedipus compl.ex, but it is in every way regarded as incest. Morally, a relationship between brother and sister, in this way, is a taboo to the community. The author's psychology is directed towards great Greek tragedy flgures, where he brings forth images related to the Greek mythology. He made an adaptation of `Oedipus Rex' in `£o Wczc47.#e lyifernale' . The article is divided in three parts: the first is a brief narration of the storyline; the second part is an analysis of the plot with two sub-categories- `cinematic space of the bedroom' and `mental space of the bedroom'; the third part is the collective imagination and symbols in the film, which look ~. the symbols of death, mirrors and stars. These three symbols are the materialisation of what cannot be seen: the death. This materialisation is an ffort to depict how the two children constantly lived with death, which represents the death of their mother and sister's husband. The bedroom is the place that united the brother and the sister at the physical level as well as at the mental level. In that bedroom, there is an evil spirit but also a treasure, which is the narcissistic instrument for both of them, Paul and Elisabeth. Furthermore, the fish that killed one and the gun that killed the other were both kept at the treasury. Paul and Elisabeth were deflnitely united in a fatal way, one to another despite the will to get married elsewhere. What they could not do in the flesh is spiritually realised beyond theworldwhenthesistercommitssuicidewhilecalculatingtheexactmoment of her brother's death. The detailed revelation of the whole shocking story is in the main text.
Factors determining voluntary health insurance ownership in Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2019) Kaunda, Bevan
In Zambia, the majority of people seek health care from public health facilities but evidence suggests that the poor still incur high out-of-pocket payments for health. Despite the government's efforts to provide free primary health care, health spending for secondary health care is still high, and this disproportionately affects the poor. In order to protect households from catastrophic health payments at the point of seeking care and to increase access to health services, the government intends to introduce the National Health Insurance to complement the existing voluntary health insurance. Currently, only 3.9 per cent of households have some form of health insurance in Zambia, and this is done on voluntary basis. Although several studies have been conducted in both developing and developed countries, there is limited evidence in the Zambian context on what determines health insurance ownership. This paper examines the factors that determine voluntary health insurance ownership in Zambia. Specifically, the paper establishes the socio-economic factors, demographic factors, and health status that are associated with ownership of health insurance. The study uses data from the 2014 Zambia Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey, which is nationally representative. We estimate a probit regression model to identify the factors associated with health insurance ownership. The results show that the level of education, employment status, region of residence, marital status, household size, and household expenditure are significantly associated with health insurance ownership in Zambia. Education, marital status and employment status were found to significantly increase the probability of owning health insurance. Moreover, study findings revealed that households that spend relatively more on goods and services were more likely to own health insurance. However, those households with relatively bigger family size and those residing in rural areas were less likely to own health insurance. The study further established that gender, age, and health status did not significantly determine health insurance ownership in Zambia. As the Zambian government introduces the national health insurance, policies that improve educational attainment and employment creation are likely to have an influence on the health insurance coverage, particularly in the context of a large informal sector.
Fertility in Zambia: an application of the Bongaarts’ model of proximate determinants.
(The University of Zambia, 2019) Mwanza, Boniface
Achieving sustainable fertility rates is important for any country; however, fertility levels in Zambia have remained relatively high. According to the 2013/14 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey, the country has a Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 5.3 children per woman (CSO, 2015). Literature for Zambia, showed limited/scanty quantifiable evidence of inhibiting effects of the proximate determinants on fertility. This study sought to address this gap by attempting to generate data on quantifiable evidence of the proximate determinants of fertility in Zambia The main objective of this study was to apply the Bongaarts model to examine the impact of each of the proximate determinants to the realization of the current TFR in Zambia. This study focused on five proximate determinants of fertility namely marriage, contraceptive use, postpartum infecundity, primary sterility and abortion. The model used for generating indices for proximate determinants of fertility was the Bongaarts’ framework for analysing proximate determinants of fertility developed in 1978. The study used the Zambia Demographic and Health Survey (ZDHS) datasets from 1992, 1996, 2001/2, 2007 and 2013/14. The study also used data on abortion estimates from Guttmacher institute. Using Stata 11 and Excel 2013 analytical software packages, indices for each of the proximate determinants were generated for each of the respective years. The research findings revealed that non-marriage, contraception and postpartum infecundability seem to be contributing more in reducing fertility than primary sterility and induced abortion. Over the reference period, postpartum infecundity averted most births at 24.5 births followed by contraception use which averted 19.6 births. Non marriage then followed in third place with 12.4 births. This study findings suggest that the number of births to be averted by contraception use will continue to increase as can been seen from the evolving trends globally. Post-partum infecundability will continue to remains an important proximate determinant of fertility in Zambia in years to come, though the number of births averted might continue to drop over time as the country continues to modernise. Furthermore, this study findings suggest that the impact of non-marriage on fertility suppression in Zambia is expected to continue declining at a slow pace in years to come due to strong traditional and cultural beliefs that promote marital union and procreation in marital union The study offered suggestive evidence on the importance of adopting a holistic approach when dealing with proximate determinants of fertility. Success in addressing high fertility in the country will only be achieved if the country adopted a holistic approach when dealing with proximate determinants of fertility.
From an Agency of Cultural Destruction to an Agency of public Health
(Kininklijke Brill NV, 2014) Kalusa, Wilima T.
Most medical histories maintain that missionary doctors in imperial Africa were agents of western cultural imperialism .This paper ,informed by the writings of Michel Foucault,projects mission based healers as agents of imperial power who played a major role in emasculating African therapeutic systems and in reinforcing colonial hegemony
Gendered phenomenological perceptions on characteristics of sexual harassment among soldiers in eastern, Zambia.
(International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE), 2018) John Mwitumwa Matakala, Ivy Nawa Akabondo, Mubiana Macwan’gi, Philemon Ndubani, Anne-Namakando Phiri
This study was aimed at exploring and understanding the gendered phenomenological perceptions on the characteristics of sexual harassment of soldiers in eastern, Zambia. The motivation behind this study is that despite the measures put in place it was unclear why the phenomenon continued to exist. In order to understand the experiences, the study made use of a qualitative inquiry grounded in existential phenomenology. Purposive Sampling using Snow ball sampling was used to come up with the desired sample size of 32 and the resultant data that were collected. Data collection was achieved by use of in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using phenomenological analysis in order to transcribe the bulk data into themes and sub themes. The findings were categorized in line with the objectives of the study which where (a) Nature of Sexual Harassment (b) Coping mechanisms in the face of Sexual Harassment and (c) Regulatory measurers put in place to curb Sexual Harassment. The findings of the study on the nature of sexual harassment using in – depth interviews show that female and male soldiers of the junior ranks experience Sexual Harassment as opposed to the senior ones. Further, revealed is that the nature of Sexual Harassment experienced mostly is verbal Sexual Harassment which is dominant and manifesting itself in form of unwanted genderedcomments. Nonverbal sexual harassment through unwanted actions was a further experience for the females. It was further found out that the junior soldiers experienced these vices at platoon level from corporals and sergeants. The findings of the study on coping of soldiers in the face of sexual harassment revealed that sexual harassment was common. Furthermore, although there was only one standard way of reporting problems to relevant authorities, the issue of sexual harassment was not taken seriously. Further findings, indicate that the junior soldiers practiced coping mechanisms which are problem fixing, where they befriend a senior officer for protection and problem sharing were they shared with a friend to lighten the stress. The findings on regulatory measures put in place to curb sexual harassment show that there is no written instruction in the Army and indeed the United Nations hence making it difficult for soldiers to be protected. The gendered work output may go down if the issue remains unchecked leading to low morale. It is against this background that in order to improve the situation a number of recommendations have been put forward for consideration by the Army and the United Nations
An Historical Analysis of Vulnerability and Resiliencein a Semi-Arid Region of Zambia
(Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN), 2009-12) Siamwiza, Bennett Siamwiinde
This article is about the Valley Tonga’s resilience to ecological vulnerability ofteninduced by near chronic drought conditions that have, over centuries, characterised theirregion and occasionally by flooding of the Zambezi; prior to 1958 and of Lake Karibaafter 1958. The Valley Tonga are the inhabitants of the Gwembe Valley, a troughsandwiched by unbroken range of escarpments on the south and north of the Zambeziriver. The valley located in the middle Zambezi River basin in Southern Province ofZambia. Since long time ago, this region has been subject to hunger and famine largelybecause of its semi – arid nature. The article explores the various mechanisms the ValleyTonga have applied and exploited to survive their unfriendly environment. The article suggests that the Tonga’s resilience has largely depended on their ability toforecast good and bad weather patterns ahead. This ability to interpret climatic changes oftheir environment has enabled them to prepare ahead of an expected negativeeventualities. The Valley Tonga, the article explains, have remained in the valley despitechronic environmental setbacks, often leading to food crises, for several reasons. Thebush has been a granary as it has provided them with food in bad and even good times.They have also managed to live in the environment, outsiders have perceived asnotorious, because they have cultivated economic and social networks based on the moraleconomy paradigm. The valley Tonga have exploited even seemingly negativeoccurrences such as disastrous floods to their advantage; receding flood regime createdan opportunity for winter or dry crop cultivation. The introduction of colonial regime atthe turn of the twentieth century, added yet another dimension to the Tonga’s survivalstrategies. Labour migration, colonial intervention through famine relief and introductionof commercial and fishing upon the formation of Lake Kariba became a source of theirresilience to ecological shocks
The Impact of Language Policy on Teacher-Training Programs: Cases of Selected Teacher-Training Colleges in Zambia and Malawi
(Kyoto University Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, 2013-03-01) Ngalande, Sande; Chigeda, Antonie
The study highlights the glaring mismatch between language policy and planning, especially in education, and the actual practices on the ground. It seems Zambia and Malawi are lost somewhere between policy formulation and implementation. Since the education sector is usually the major player in language policy and planning implementation, the study was conducted in teacher training colleges in both countries to mainly observe what impact the prevailing language policy and planning issues are having on the two countires. The rersults are indicative of the struggles of divising and implementing a language-in-education policy that agrees with demographic principles of the two democratic, multiethnic and multilingual states.
Innovations and strategies during online teaching in an EdTech loow resourced university.
(SN Computer Science, 2023) Lufungulo, Enala Sharon; Mulubale, Sanny; Mambwe, Elastus; Mwila, Kennedy; Jia, Jiyou
The study focused on identifying innovations deployed by lecturers when teaching online during the COVID-19 pandemic at the University of Zambia. The interpretivist worldview anchors the study. Researchers adopted a descriptive qualitative case study design. Purposefully and conveniently sampled lecturers (n = 21) took part in key informant interviews from the university faculties: the school of education, the school of humanities and social sciences and the school of health sciences. Thematic analyses were applied to the data collected using face-to-face and telephone interview schedules. Results show that all lecturers fully know online instruction’s possible challenges. Lecturers have devised innovations that are lecturer- oriented, lesson-oriented, resource-oriented and student-oriented in managing online teaching and learning. The success of online teaching in an EdTech low-resourced university depends on the lecturers’ desire to learn, the availability of essential ICT devices, the use of open educational resources-OER, the potential of the use of devices and the availability of internet connectivity. However, intermittent internet connectivity, student absenteeism, a lack of primary ICT devices, and EdTech illiteracy persist. External support—such as continuous professional development programs (CPDs), import duty exemptions or corporate sponsorships and donations—should be sought to facilitate online lessons. Innovation in teaching and learn- ing does not only entail high-tech educational technologies but the use of what works best for a community of learners in a particular context. Though focused on Zambia, the study results reflect the situation and experience of universities in other countries with similar characteristics. Keywords Innovations · Strategies · Online teaching · COVID-19 · EdTech · Low-resourced university
Language adaptability: lexical adoption or word borrowing in Zambian languages.
(2022) Kashoki, Mubanga E.
Language, medical auxilliaries and the re-interpretation of missionary medicine in colonial, Mwinilunga, Zambia,1922-51.
(Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2007) Kalusa, Wilima T.
Through an examination of the concepts used by lunda speaking auxiliaries to translate mission medicine at the hospital run by the Christian Missions to many Lands in Mwinilunga from 1922-1951,this article argues that auxiliaries translated missionary medicine in ways missionaries could imagine nor control.

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