A study of functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles for selective recognition of kappa-casein: a breast cancer biomarker.
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Date
2022
Authors
Singogo, Robert
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
The University of Zambia
Abstract
Kappa casein is extremely important in tumor immunology and plays a crucial role in the
early detection of breast cancer. In this research, functionalized iron oxide (Fe3O4)
nanoparticles were used for selective recognition of kappa casein (kcn) a breast cancer
biomarker. The Fe3O4 was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The particles were
then coated with a polyacrylamide film which was subsequently functionalized using boric
acid. Kappa-casein was attached to the nanoparticles via the surface hydroxyl group
introduced. The surface imprinting was carried out using aniline polymerization in the
presence of the functionalized nanoparticles with kcn attachments. Characterization of the
magnetic nanoparticles was done using Uv/Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The
FT-IR spectra of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed the
absorption bands at 558.64 cm-1 assigned to Fe-O stretching mode attributed to the typical
stretching vibration of Fe-O in Fe3O4. The peak at 1660 cm-1 was due to the vibrations of
C=O and N-H in acrylamide; hence polyacrylamide was loaded on Fe3O4 NPs. Carboxylate
groups in kcn were observed around 1650 cm−1 and 1100 cm-1.X-ray diffraction results
indicated that the nanoparticles were highly crystalline materials with an average crystallite
size of 78 nm. The Atomic Force Microscope was used for morphological characterization,
which revealed that the nanoparticles prepared were spherical with an average size of 40.2
nm, 88 nm, and 120 nm for Fe3O4 NPs, magnetic nanoparticles no-imprinted polymers
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs), and magnetic nanoparticles molecularly imprinted polymers
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs) respectively The high correlation coefficients of the
functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs) and
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs) were R2=0.99909 and 0.894426 respectively) which indicated that
the experimental rebinding equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model. The
maximum adsorption capacity ( m Q ) of Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs (0.509 mg/g) was nearly
2.94 times higher than 0.173 mg/g of Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs. The method developed in
detecting breast cancer was achieved with a low limit of 15 ng/mL, which is lower than other
methods. However, there is a need to develop it into a real matrix. The present work
demonstrated that functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles could be used to detect kappacasein
as a Kappa casein is extremely important in tumor immunology and plays a crucial role in the
early detection of breast cancer. In this research, functionalized iron oxide (Fe3O4)
nanoparticles were used for selective recognition of kappa casein (kcn) a breast cancer
biomarker. The Fe3O4 was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The particles were
then coated with a polyacrylamide film which was subsequently functionalized using boric
acid. Kappa-casein was attached to the nanoparticles via the surface hydroxyl group
introduced. The surface imprinting was carried out using aniline polymerization in the
presence of the functionalized nanoparticles with kcn attachments. Characterization of the
magnetic nanoparticles was done using Uv/Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
spectroscopy (FT-IR), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The
FT-IR spectra of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and the functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles showed the
absorption bands at 558.64 cm-1 assigned to Fe-O stretching mode attributed to the typical
stretching vibration of Fe-O in Fe3O4. The peak at 1660 cm-1 was due to the vibrations of
C=O and N-H in acrylamide; hence polyacrylamide was loaded on Fe3O4 NPs. Carboxylate
groups in kcn were observed around 1650 cm−1 and 1100 cm-1.X-ray diffraction results
indicated that the nanoparticles were highly crystalline materials with an average crystallite
size of 78 nm. The Atomic Force Microscope was used for morphological characterization,
which revealed that the nanoparticles prepared were spherical with an average size of 40.2
nm, 88 nm, and 120 nm for Fe3O4 NPs, magnetic nanoparticles no-imprinted polymers
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs), and magnetic nanoparticles molecularly imprinted polymers
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs) respectively The high correlation coefficients of the
functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs) and
(Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs) were R2=0.99909 and 0.894426 respectively) which indicated that
the experimental rebinding equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model. The
maximum adsorption capacity ( m Q ) of Fe3O4@PAM@BA/MIPs (0.509 mg/g) was nearly
2.94 times higher than 0.173 mg/g of Fe3O4@PAM@BA/NIPs. The method developed in
detecting breast cancer was achieved with a low limit of 15 ng/mL, which is lower than other
methods. However, there is a need to develop it into a real matrix. The present work
demonstrated that functionalized iron oxide nanoparticles could be used to detect kappacasein
as a breast cancer biomarker..
Description
Thesis
Keywords
Tumors--Immunological aspects--Congresses. , Cancer--Immunotherapy--Congresses. , Tumor immunology. , Cancer--Immunotherapy. , Early detection of breast cancer. , Breast cancer research.