Ministry of Health

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The 2012 List of Health Facilities
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2012) MInistry of Health
This report presents information on the List of Health Facilities in the country, for 2012. It is the fourth (4th) publication that the Ministry of Health has produced since 2002 with subsequent ones produced in 2008 and 2010. It provides comparable cross-sectional facility statistics on key public health interventions being implemented at all levels of the health service delivery system. Since 2008, the Ministry has been compiling this information for dissemination to the general public, every after two (2) years with the recent publication done in 2010. Therefore, in view of the dynamic growth in the number of health facilities that have been established (especially health centres and health posts), it has become imperative for the Ministry to update this list so that the report is disseminated to the general public and other policy makers. Unlike the 2008 and 2010 Health Facility Listing reports that only covered limited information for each health facility, this report presents detailed information on the following aspects: (i) Background statistics for each health facility such as facility type, facility owner, number of beds & cots, number of outreach sites, distance from the health facility to the furthest outreach site and distance of facility from District Medical Office. (ii) Key health services offered for each health facility such as PMTCT, Male circumcision, HIV and VCT services, availability of TB diagnostic services, EMONC services, dental services, X-ray, availability of CD4 machine theatre , mother waiting shelter, among others. (iii) Main communication mode, source of power, water & SMARTCARE for each health facility (e.g. radio or telephone system), main source of power the health facility uses (hydro, gen. set or solar), water source (500m radius from HF ), among others. Suffice to also mention that the report has included information for Muchinga Province, created from districts that were part of Northern Province (i.e. Chinsali, Isoka, Mpika and Nakonde) and Eastern Province, i.e Chama. The new district of Mafinga which forms part of the sixth district of the new Province of Muchinga was created by taking the whole of Isoka East Constituency. Since the new province was created by taking the districts, without altering existing district boundaries, health facility totals for the newly created province of Muchinga, have been easily extracted from the original areas that were part of Northern and Eastern provinces, accordingly. This therefore means that the new totals for Northern and Eastern provinces are lower for 2012 compared to the previous reports published, due to loss of four (4) and one (1) district from Northern and Eastern provinces, respectively. It is my sincere hope that this publication would make it easier to find specific information about the level, location and key services provided by each health facilities in the country. It is also my expectation that this publication would assist in data analysis and use of infrastructure- based information by policy makers, programme managers and co-operating partners in addressing challenges related to improving access and utilization of health services. In order to further improve the contents and presentation of subsequent publications, any feedback on this report would be greatly appreciated.
Accessing adolescent sexual and reproductive health services among undocumented migrants in South Africa
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2016) Mukondwa, K; Gonah, L
Adolescent sexual and reproductive health access continues to dominate the development agenda since the historic 1994 Cairo Conference and becomes a huge public health concern for the increasing diverse of undocumented adolescents who have become an important component as irregular migration patterns and profiles shifts in South Africa. The inherent nature of irregular migration poses exposure and vulnerabilities making access to sexual and reproductive health services(SRH) imperative. Findings from this study revealed that access to SRH services among undocumented adolescents migrants is poor attributed to diverse structural, socio-cultural and financial barriers. For SouthAfrica, conflicting health and migration policies leads to inconsistencies in service provision making it difficult for both adolescents and health service providers to strike a balance between migration and health considerations. Migration remains politically sensitive with punitive measures for those in undocumented state who are subsequently marginalized and excluded from accessing all social services, health included.Health policies on the other hand are non discriminatory, employing an all inclusive approach to all adolescents irrespective of migration status. While the study demonstrated that adolescent SRH services among undocumented adolescent in South Africa may be poor, such findings are however inconclusive to suggest that SRH outcomes are also poor.for this particular group. Access is further compromised by the fact that this group is often young, geographically clustered in certain areas and the need to stay in South Africa for considerably longer periods of time. However, possible source of care for this group is within government public health agencies as access to private sources of care is poor owing to actual or perceived costs.Owing to this factor, access to government run health agencies becomes a central issue to explore in this study.
Acute Poisoning in the Community and its Associated Mortality at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2017) Mwanza, B; Kanyimba, S.N
Acute poisoning is a common event in the community. Despite the high prevalence of acute poisoning in the community, there are very few studies done on the subject in Zambia. Lack of research on acute poisoning has resulted in lack of information on the pattern of poisoning, morbidity, mortality and pitfalls in management. Methods: A retrospective study of cases of acute poisoning presenting at the University Teaching Hospital during the period 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 was conducted. A total of 131 case records were reviewed. Demographic information, information on the type of poisoning, presenting clinical features, case management and outcome was extracted from the medical records. The data was analysed using descriptive statistics. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical data. All statistical tests were at 5% significance level. The Pearson's chi squared test was used for comparison of proportions between groups. Results: Of the 131 cases reviewed, 67 were female (51%). The age group 20-39 years had the highest frequency of poisoning (50%). The majority of cases (59%) occurred in individuals of low socio-economic status. The most frequently taken poisons were organophosphates (38%). Other commonly used agents included household chemicals and medicines. The majority of cases were due to suicide attempt, and there were only 5 cases of accidental poisoning. Of the cases where due to self-poisoning with intent to cause selfharm. The reasons for self-harm behaviour were given in 115 cases, and 71 (62%) of these were due to interpersonal conflicts arising from disharmony in relationships. The rest were due to various psychological disorders including depressive illness. No reason for self-harm was indicated in 16 cases. The majority of cases (86%) recovered without any complications. Mortality rate was 5%. Conclusion: Most cases of poisoning with the intent of self-harm occur in individuals who are vulnerable to stress. A variety of chemical agents are ingested, with the organophosphates being the group of chemicals taken more often than other groups of chemicals. The majority of cases are intentional with very few poisoning cases being accidental. Most cases have good prognosis and the majority recover without any sequel. Mortality from acute poisoning cases seen at the University Teaching Hospital is low.
Anaemia in Pregnancy among Pregnant Women in Lusaka District, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2017) Lubeya, M.K; Vwalika, B
This study investigated the problem of anaemia in pregnancy and its associated factors. Methods: The study involved 216 women booking for antenatal care between September 2015 and January 2016. A structured questionnaire was administered to all eligible women to determine their socio demographic and economic status, reproductive factors, health seeking behaviour and clinical state. Blood for a full blood count was collected. Women found with anaemia were immediately referred to their clinicians for further management. Data was analysed using SPSS software. Inferential analyses were conducted using Chi square and Ttest. For the historical independent variables with a known significant association with anaemia, a stepwise backward logistic regression was done. Results: Out of 216 women enrolled in the study, Seventy nine (36.2%) were found to be anaemic. The mean haemoglobin was 11.2g/dl. Thirty six women (45.6%) had mild anaemia, forty one (51.9%) had moderate anaemia while two (2.5%) had severe anaemia. In analysis lower family income and lower intake of vegetables were statistically significant with p values of 0.020 and 0.023 respectively. After adjusting for confounders, HIV infection remained significant with HIV positive women being 2.7 times more likely to have anaemia (OR 2.7, CI 1.06-6.70) univariate. Anaemia remains a public health problem among pregnant women in Zambia. Risk factors include HIV infection, Low intake of vegetables and low family income. Women need continued education on importance of vegetable intake during pregnancy and involvement in legal income generating activities to boost family income. Women of reproductive age under HIV care need continuous education on anaemia prevention in pregnancy.
An analytical study of 33 cases of mortal head injuries
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 1974-10) Gawish, H.; Siddiqui, M.
Lusaka Teaching Hospital is the biggest in the country. Out of its thousand beds there are about 220 general surgical beds. The management of head injuries in the University Teaching Hospital is the responsibility of the duty general surgeon who admits and treats them. Neurosurgical opinion is sought whenever it is. 33 cases of mortal head injuries are analysed regarding the clinical presentation,treatment and post mortem findings. 14 cases were operated on with a high incidence of post operative recollection of the haematoma. 19 cases were treated non-surgically; this latter group showed high incidence of systemic injuries as well as short survival.
Aphrodisiac Properties of Mutimba Vula and Mwana Apeluke Herbs sold in Lusaka, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2017) Banda, D.; Nyirenda, J.; Sijumbila, G
Male potency has been a talk of many years since humanity existed and the use of various kinds of substances to stimulate sexual desire has been done for many years. Many plant-based concoctions have been released on the Zambian market for consumption without scientifically proven results or effects. Herbalists, Traditional health practitioners (THPs) have put up many advertisements to spread their market base but all the same without any proven results to show to would-be customers to use a particular product. Two local herbal extracts, Mutimba vula (MTV) and Mwana apeluke (MWN) were studied for the presence of medicinally active components and for their sexual behaviour effects in male rats. Aim of the study: The main objective of this research work was to determine aphrodisiac properties of MTV and MWN aqueous herbal extracts. Methodology: Phytochemical screening to determine presence of medicinally active components was performed following standard guidelines. Thereafter, 3 g each of dried powder of MTV and MWN were soaked in 250 mL of distilled water for 3 hours for extraction of active ingredients. Two concentrations, high and low doses of the herbal extracts were administered orally to the treatment groups for 21 days followed by sexual behaviour analysis. Concentration of testosterone in blood samples was determined using a Testosterone Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) test. Results: Herbal extracts showed varying amounts of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. The mounting frequency (p= 0.039), intromission frequency (p= 0.032) and penile erections increased (p= 0.001) significantly indicating enhanced sexual activity in animals treated with the plant extracts. The results indicated that there was no dose-dependent relationship between serum Testosterone levels and the treatment groups (p= 0.061). Conclusion: It was established that oral administration of Mutimba vula and Mwana apeluke caused increased sexual performance in rats. However, more studies are needed to exploit the possible mode of action.
Aspects of renal disease in Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 1968-10) Johnston, S. M.
Chronic renal disease is a problem seen not infrequently on the medical wards of hospitals in Zambia. This paper represents an attempt to study the types seen both clinically and at post-mortem, as have occurred throughout the year 1967 on the medical wards at Lusaka Central Hospital. Both the adult and children's medical wards are included in the study but the surgical wards are excluded.
Assessment of the Regulatory Framework for Maternal, Newborn Child Health and Nutrition (MNCH&N) Services in Zambia:
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2014-07) Ministry of Health
Many national reports have indicated the decline in both maternal and childhood mortality in Zambia since the Millennium Declaration by the United Nations. The decline has, however, been slower for neonatal mortality. Despite these declines in mortality, Zambia still has significant challenges in achieving both MDG 4 and 5. In an effort to support achievements of MDGs 4 and 5, the Zambian government working with the EU and the United Nations family in Zambia has embarked on a project aimed at achieving the MDGs based on current national objective by improving community maternal, neonatal and child health (MNCH) and nutrition practices and utilisation of quality MNCH+N services in reducing maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality. Guided by the framework on strengthening health system to improve MNCH outcomes as developed by Ergo and colleagues in 2011, this report assesses the regulatory framework in order to analyse and understand the national contextual environment with regard to existing health policies, strategies, legislation, financing mechanisms, management structures and devolution of authority for health care delivery in the programme districts of Lusaka and Copperbelt provinces. The resulting report is, therefore, organised in five main parts namely: Background; Enabling Environment and Governance; Enabling Environment for Health Care Delivery; Monitoring and Evaluation Framework; and Conclusion and Recommendations. Since 1992, the health sector has relied on the National Health Policies and Strategies as mechanisms of supporting health care in Zambia. In 2012, the health sector went further to adopt an overarching National Health Policy that sets clear direction for the development of the sector. This policy development is supported by both the National Health Strategic Plan (2011-2015) and the new Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health Strategic Plan of 2013- 2016. Furthermore, both the MOH and the MCDMCH have jointly developed the Roadmap for Accelerating Reduction of Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality (2013-2016) with the general objective to accelerate the reduction of mortality in order to enable Zambia attain the set MDG goals 4 and 5 by 2015. The recent realignment of the MCDMCH is further intended to optimise synergies with social welfare and community development structures in order to offer integrated services to the communities at the grass-root level. Despite the highlighted efforts by the Zambian government, the health sector has been operating without a health services delivery legal framework since 2006, except for regulations associated with food and drug safety, health professionals and food and nutrition. Even these regulations are out-dated and are not harmonised with other legal mechanisms within and outside the health sector. For example, while the government has now developed the National Food and Nutrition Strategic Plan (2011-2015), the nutrition governance is still anchored in the Act of 1967 CAP 308 of the laws of Zambia.
Assessment of transvenous right atriography in the diagnosis of pericardial effusion
(Medical Journal of Zambia, 1976-08) Umerah, B. C., Creator; Yikona, I.Y.E, Creator
From the results, it was felt that transvenous right atriography is a reliable confirmatory investigation of pericardial effusion. The procedure is simple and can be carried out in any hospital.Spurious positive results may arise from faulty technique or due to marked pericardial thickening whilst false negatives may be encountered with viscid, inspissated or loculated pericardial effusion.
The association between Antiretroviral Therapy with depression and health related quality of life in patients infected with HIV in Kasempa, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2016) Mutimushi, E; Blackwood, G; Hachaambwa, L. M.
Many HIV-infected patients are accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zambia. This has enabled them to live longer. However, it is necessary to determine whether such improvements are accompanied with parallel improvements in quality of life. The purpose of this research was to determine whether ART was associated with lower levels of depression and higher levels of health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The primary objective was to compare the association of ART with depression and Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) in treatment naïve and treatment experienced patients. The specific objectives were to screen for levels of depression and HRQOL in HIV infected patients, and to compare these levels between ART-experienced and ART-naïve patients. This was a cross sectional study in which 140 HIV-infected adults (70 ART-experienced and 70 ART-naïve) in Kasempa district were enrolled by convenient sampling. Independent variables of sex, age, marital status, education and employment status were matched across the two groups to avoid their confounding effect and bias. Depression and HRQOL were screened using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression (CES-D) and Medical Outcomes Survey – HIV (MOS-HIV) tools respectively in both groups. The average scores for depression in both groups were compared using the t-test. Mental Health Summary scores (MHS) and Physical Health Summary scores (PHS) derived from the MOS-HIV tool were obtained by factor analysis and linearly transformed into a 0-100 scale. These scores were also compared between the two groups using the t-test. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors that were significantly associated with depression and HRQOL in both groups. The mean depression scores were found to be lower among ART-experienced clients compared with their ART-naïve counterparts with a mean difference of 7.40 (95% C.I 3.77-11.03; P < 0.0001). Overall, ART-experienced participants had higher HRQOL scores compared with their ART- naïve counterparts with differences of 23.0 (95% C.I 16.0-30.1; P < 0.0001) and 11.2 (95% C.I 6.0-16.4; P < 0.0001) in MHS and PHS scores respectively. Being ART-experienced was associated with lower depression scores and higher HRQOL scores when compared with being ART-naïve. Lower depression scores and higher HRQOL scores were associated with being male, married, single, asymptomatic and having higher CD4 counts.
Availability of Essential Antihypertensive and Antidiabetic Medicines in Public Health Facilities in Lusaka District, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2017) Mwale, M; Mweetwa, B; Yassa, P; Kadimba, G; Sondashi, I.S.; Kalungia, C. A.
The non-communicable disease (NCD) burden in Zambia remains quite high. Providing access to essential medicines for hypertension and diabetes remains a major challenge in low-middle income countries, Zambia is no exception in this regard. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine and describe the availability of essential antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines in selected public health facilities in Lusaka district. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken in Lusaka district involving 15 randomly selected public health facilities. Data on availability of five (5) essential antihypertensive medicines and three (3)essential antidiabetic medicines was collected for the period January to June 2016 at each health facility, including the central Medical Stores. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: In the 15 public health facilities surveyed, overall availability of essential antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines in public health facilities was 58.2% and 44.7% respectively during the period reviewed. Stock-outs were high for parenteral Frusemide (92%), Hydralazine (83%), Insulin shortacting (83%) and long acting (69%) preparations, respectively. Parenteral Frusemide and Hydralazine were only available in less than 40% of facilities while less than 40% of facilities did not have any Insulin preparations available. About 40% of facilities did not have a medical doctor present, 86.7% did not have a pharmacist and 80% did not have medical licentiates present. Majority of facilities had at least Nurses, Clinical Officers, Pharmacy Technologists and Pharmacy Assistants. Conclusion: Availability of essential antihypertensive and antidiabetic medicines in public health facilities in Lusaka district continues to be a challenge with less than 60% of facilities surveyed experiencing stock-outs over six months. This could be significantly affecting effective management of patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the district and requires to be addressed.
Bacterial Meningitis in infancy and Childhood in Lusaka
(Medical Journal of Zambia., 1975-12) Chintu, C.; Bathirunathan, N.
ln approximately 10,000 admissions in a 12 months period, at University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka 85 cases of meningitis were recorded. The signs and symptoms in these patients do not greatly differ from other similar studies' in Africa. The commonest organism isolated was pneumococcus. There was high mortality rate which was to a large extent due to parents not bringing their children to hospital early enough for medical treatment to be instituted. This is borne out by the fact that 50% of the children that 50% of the children with meningitis died within the first 24 hours. The C.S.F. protein and peripheral white blood count may be of prognostic value. Spasticity, cranial nerve palsises hydrocephalus and subdural effusion were the commonest complications.
Bancroftian Filariasis
(Medical Journal of Zambia, 1976-12) Hira, P. R., Creator
The first report of an autochthonous case of Wuchereria bancrofti in Zambia is presented. Observations are made on the diagnostic features of the microfilariae particularly in relation to their periodicity and aggulutination in sequestrinated blood. The criteria used to identify the worms in section and the problems in diagnosis are outlined. Though imported cases have also been diagnosed it is considered that bancroftian filariasis is probably endemic. Further comprehensive investigations are recommended in ecologically transmissable areas.
Barriers to healthcare access and coping mechanisms among Sub-Saharan African migrants living in Bangkok, Thailand
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2016) Gonah, L; Corwin, A; January, J; Shamu, S; Nyati-Jokomo, Z; Van der Putten, M
Access to health care services among migrant populations is a major public health concern. Migrants' health profiles, values and beliefs may differ from those of the host population and present a potential to increased vulnerability to ill health and barriers in accessing health services. In addition, migrants may travel with or may acquire diseases or conditions while travelling or while staying in the host country, that present need for regular healthcare services.Migrants often do not consider or prepare for potential health challenges in host countries. According to the UN's International Migration Report, Asia received 4.4 million migrants from Africa in 2013 alone, most of which were from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with Thailand alone receiving an estimated 100 000.Data from Thailand's Immigration Bureau indicate that most SSA migrants in Thailand come from Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Ghana, Mali, Zimbabwe, and Tanzania. In April 2015, the Ministry of Public Health in Thailand introduced measures targeted at improving access to healthcare services among migrant workers.These developments allow migrant workers from Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam to buy healthcare insurance which covers first health-checks, chronic diseases, surgeries, and even high cost anti-retroviral drugs, benefits which are similar to the Thai nationals. Migrants from other countries can only buy healthcare insurance which covers free medical treatments, vaccinations and first health checks.While language is a key determinant to healthcare access, especially for migrants, only premium private sector health services use English. Migrants from SSA often have different cultural values, health seeking behaviour and religious beliefs from the Thai who are a predominantly Buddhist society and this poses challenges.Given the increasing trend of SSA migrants to new Asian destinations particularly Thailand, the study hypothesised that SSA migrants face challenges in accessing healthcare services in Bangkok, and that they rely on certain coping strategies in dealing deal with those barriers. No research on barriers associated with access to healthcare and strategies in coping with these barriers among SSA migrants exists in Thailand. This study explored barriers to access healthcare services and the common coping strategies by SSA migrants in Bangkok, Thailand.
Baseline Household Survey LQAS Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2015-11) Ministry of Health
As part of national efforts to reduce maternal, neonatal and child mortality, the Ministry of Community Development /Mother and Child Health and UNICEF Zambia, with support from the European Union (EU) is implementing a programme for “Accelerating Progress Towards Maternal, Neonatal and Child Morbidity and Mortality Reduction in Zambia over a period of 4 years. This report presents the findings of the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling Household survey carried out in 11 targeted districts of Copperbelt and Lusaka provinces. This survey was conducted between 26th June and 10th August 2014. The survey was a collaboration between the Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ), the European Union (EU), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), and Ipsos. It aimed to inform the development of district Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Acceleration Plans for 2015 in 11 targeted districts. The household survey included the following seven universes whose knowledge, practices and health care service accessibility were measured: mothers of infants 0-5 months, mothers of children 6-11 months, mothers of infants 12-23 months, mothers of children 0-59 months, mothers of children 0-59 months with fever in the last two weeks, mothers of children 0-59 months with suspected pneumonia in the last two weeks and mothers of children 0-59 months with diarrhoea in the last two weeks. Two levels of analysis were used. The first was a classification at the Supervision Area (SA) level, to identify priority SAs (those performing below the district average coverage). This was done by setting a decision rule according to weighted district average coverage. The second level aggregates the results of all the SAs in each district (catchment area). The results were weighted and a 95% confidence interval calculated. This report concentrates primarily on the district level results.
Basic Isotope thyroid Parameters in Zambia
(Medical Journal of Zambia, 1978-12) Mikolajkow, A.T., Creator
The paper analyses basic isotope thyroid parameters in 20 normal Zambians. The results of tests (excluding uptake studies) do not differ t.rom those established elsewhere but the range of thyroid radioiodinc uptakes is wide. It may be explained by the mixed nature of the sample of patients with regard to iodine intake.
Bilharziasis of the urinary tract in Zambia : observation on 100 consecutive cases
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 1981-08) Elem, B; Vandal, M.T
Cystoscopic, urographic and histological observations on 100 consecutive cases of urinary bilharziasis are presented. 35 patients had calcification of the urinary tract whilst I.V.U. of 40 patients were abnormal. Abnormal urograms were more often observed in patients with reduced bladder capacity than with vesicle calcification. Surgery to the urinary tract was considered necessary in 19 patients. There were 3 deaths and all were secondary to schistosomiasis. Our observations indicate that urinary bilharziasis in Zambia is associated with a high morbidity and a significant mortality.
Binge Drinking and Psychomotor Performance in Female Social Drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, Zambia
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2017) Jason, L; Likashi, D.V.; Paul, R.
Consuming large amounts of alcohol on an irregular basis is a common form of alcohol misuse among female adolescents and young women. This form of alcohol misuse is called binge drinking (BD) and is associated with harm to the central nervous system mainly due to repeated alternations between intense intoxication and withdrawal episodes. Adverse effects of BD on cognitive functions such as psychomotor skills negatively impact on women's daily living. Methodology: Using a matched-pairs design and snowball sampling method, the present study investigated the relationship between binge drinking and psychomotor performance in a population of female social drinkers of Kalingalinga in Lusaka, Zambia. Two specific objectives based on continuity hypothesis guided the study; to identify characteristics of binge drinking among female social drinkers; to compare motor skills performance between female binge drinkers and their non-drinking female counterparts. Sixty female participants (30 drinkers and 30 non-drinkers) were enrolled. Data was collected through a two-phase approach; AUDIT questionnaires in the first place and neuropsychological testing of motor skills using Grooved Pegboard and Finger Tapping tests, over a two-weeks period. Pearson's Chi-square revealed no significant differences in demographic characteristics. Data was normally distributed as shown by Shapiro Wilk's test and skewness and kurtosis results. Hence the use of the independent samples t-test whose results showed slower psychomotor performance among binge drinkers (M=84.07, SD=10.581; M=1.2167, SD=7.260 and M=42.17, SD=.88749) on both the Grooved Pegboard and Finger tapping tests than the non-drinking control group (M=66.77, SD=8.295; M=.5167, SD=5.050 and M=50.45, SD=.62261). In conclusion, these results seem to suggest that there is a statistically significant relationship between BD and psychomotor performance among female social drinkers. The implication is that these women may be at risk of home and/or road accidents and that BD may impinge on their multitask-taking skills which may in turn affect their families and society. It is hoped that the results of the study will; open research prospects on female alcohol BD in Zambia and help therapists to consider focusing their efforts on the intensity and frequency of alcohol consumption as predicted by the study's regression analyses.
BIood transfusion - A review of the literature
(Medical Journal of Zambia., 1977-06) Patel, K. F.; Angole, Y. E.
The dangers of using whole blood and its disadvantages are pointed out and the place of crystalloid or colloid transfusion as an adjuvant or substitute is discussed. The use of blood fractions for treatment of anaemias and clotting disorders is stressed. This means a reduction in amount of blood used for transfusion and hence reduction in cost and morbidity due to blood transfusion.
Bipolar disorder in child psychiatric practice:
(University of Zambia, Medical Library, 2016) Tsarkov, A; Petlovanyi, P
Bipolar disorder in children is unrecognized for many reasons including lack of awareness, diagnostic confusion, and the different clinical picture in children. The disorder has not been well studied in prepubertal children, despite its potentially debilitating effects on growth and development. It may be comorbid with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) or it may demonstrate features of ADHD and CD. A bipolar child should be treated using a biopsychosocial approach. A case was presented of a 11- year-old Zambian girl with Bipolar disorder comorbid with ADHD and Anxiety disorder (AD). Treatment issues where discussed, and some reasons for the urgency of early recognition and treatment where explained. To the best of our knowledge this is the first documented pediatric case of BD from Zambia.

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