Graduate School of Business

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A protocol for secure distributed spatial searching using homomorphic encryption.
(The University of Zambia, 2019) Katambo, Jimmy
Privacy of a person doing a spatial search as well as security of data being provided by a data provider can be of great concern in collecting statistical data. This has led to those who engage in searching for data to ask questions on whether they are anonymous to the one who is providing the data and also whether the one who is providing the data is anonymous to those who are doing the searching. However, such questions have provided an opportunity to the computer science community (researchers) to seek for solutions that can be used to deal with this problem of lack of anonymity of data and confidentiality. This study therefore aimed to propose a protocol by putting into application Homomorphic Encryption and a Distributed Ring Algorithm, to ensure anonymity of data of both parties involved in a spatial search, that is, a data provider and a searcher. To achieve this aim, three objectives were set. The first objective was to identify a Homomorphic Encryption technique that can support a spatial search. This was achieved by reviewing literature on Homomorphic Encryption techniques. Paillier Homomorphic Encryption technique was identified as the best approach that can support a spatial search. The second objective was to develop a protocol for distributed spatial searching based on the best Homomorphic Encryption technique which was identified. After analysing how Pallier Encryption works, a protocol was then designed based on distributed system principles. The third objective was to develop a proof of concept using the proposed protocol. A prototype implemented as distributed application was written in Java using the proposed protocol. The study implemented an application from the protocol developed which proved useful for collecting statistical data with guaranteed confidentiality. It also proved that, by putting into application Homomorphic Encryption, the person who was doing the search became anonymous to the providers of the data and the data provided by the providers became anonymous to the person who was doing the searching.
A study exploring human resource best practices in higher learning institutions: a case study of the university of Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2021) Chama, Tolomeo
This study aimed at investigating the extent to which the Human Resource Management best practice model by EmpXtrack is applied by the University of Zambia in order to understand the human resource management challenges at the institution. It was a case study of the University of Zambia. Primary data was obtained from 163 employees and 7 management employees using self-administered questionnaires and interviews, respectively. The quantitative data was analyzed using the relative important index (RII), while the qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings show that on average the collective response from the respondents is ‘neutral’ (0.519). A few practices like knowledge sharing, fair evaluation of employees, had the response ‘agree’ with an index of 0.627. The majority of the seven (7) remaining management practices had the response ‘neutral’ (0.474) and only one (1) of the mechanisms; delighting employees with the unexpected recorded the response ‘disagree’ with an index of 0.347. This implies that the human resource department at UNZA was only successful with 3 human resource management practices out of the best 10 suggested by EmpXtrack. This entails that the inadequacy in implementing these management practices could be the cause of the human resource management challenges UNZA is facing.
A study of the effect of digitalization on customer satisfaction: a case of standard chartered bank Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Chibwe, Changu
This study examines the effect of Digitalization on customer satisfaction. It is a case of Standard Chartered Bank Zambia. With the rapid advancement of technology reshaping the financial landscape, the adoption of digital banking services has become a critical area of interest. In recent years, the Zambian banking sector has undergone significant digitalization, providing services such as mobile banking, online transactions, and ATM accessibility. In this evolving context, it is crucial for banking institutions and policymakers to understand how digitalization affects customer satisfaction. To investigate this relationship, the study employs a theoretical framework that integrates established theories. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) is utilized in our research. This theoretical foundation guides the exploration of how customers of Standard Chartered Bank Zambia perceive and interact with digital banking services and the subsequent impact on their overall satisfaction. A mixed-methods approach is employed in this research, incorporating questionnaires, interviews, and data analysis of customer responses from Standard Chartered Bank Zambia. The Tronchim formula was utilized to determine a sample size of 400 respondents for the study. Additionally, separate interviews were conducted with five bank staff members involved in the transition process and handling customer feedback. The findings reveal significant insights into the complex dynamics between digitalization and customer satisfaction. Factors such as convenience, accessibility, speed, customer alerts for transactions, and real-time feedback emerge as crucial mediators in determining customer satisfaction in a digitized banking environment. The results of this study have valuable implications for both Standard Chartered Bank Zambia and policymakers. These findings are crucial for remaining competitive and guaranteeing customer satisfaction in a constantly evolving and technology-driven industry, as digital banking continues to progress. The main recommendations for the banking sector in Zambia are to improve internet security, offer real-time responses to digital banking inquiries, combine mobile and online banking into one app, and include investment options on digital platforms. These steps will help banks meet customer needs, focus on security, and enhance customer satisfaction in the digital era.
A study of the effect of reverse logistics practices on company Performance : case study of Simba breweries in RDC.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Kisumpa, Lumba Alex
Recently the subject of RL has grown exponentially due to an increase in the global population and consumption activities. As it accounts for the products' Life Cycle, companies are now pressurized to be more responsible when dealing with the environment and the end-of-life products they produce. Though RL has been proven to be an effective and efficient way of dealing with the environment and optimizing the performance of companies in developed countries, companies in developing countries such as Africa are still unable to implement it in their businesses. In developing economies such as the Republic Democratic of Congo, a limited number of studies have been conducted on RL in general and on evaluating its economic effects on the performance of companies. This research identifies the gap and aims to evaluate the effects of RL practices on the performance of SIMBA Breweries. The objectives are to determine the impact of Remanufacturing, to measure the effects of Recycling, and to evaluate the effects of Reuse practices on the performance of the company. The study adopted a descriptive research design, and data was collected from 70 respondents knowledgeable in the RL. Stratified random sampling was used to select the sample size of respondents from different departments, and primary data was collected using a questionnaire through a drop-and-pick-later method. Secondary data was collected from published and unpublished sources. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviations to elaborate the pattern and trend, and inferential statistics was performed to determine the components of the multiple regression that predicted the relationship between variables in Microsoft Excel. Only Reuse was implemented and had a strong and positive relation with the company performance with a correlation and regression coefficient of 0.91 and 3.38. Recycling and Remanufacturing were not correlated with the performance of the company as the correlation and regression were null. Reuse decreased the company's cost by 65% and increased profitability by 60%. It is therefore recommended that the management should look at RL practices as a strategic method that can be used to improve its performance. Recycling and Remanufacturing should also be implemented to improve the performance of the company. Employees need to be trained and equipped with sufficient and appropriate knowledge of the RL system.
A study of the effect of the treasury single account on commercial banks deposits and lending in Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Mulenga, Felix
The implementation of the Treasury Single Account (TSA) in Zambia brought about drastic changes in the management of public funds. The Bank of Zambia assumed custodianship of public funds while Commercial Banks remain revenue collection agents throughout the country. This study investigated the effect of the TSA on Commercial Banks Deposit Mobilization and Lending in Zambia. Secondary and Time series data were collected from the Bank of Zambia (BOZ) annual reports covering the pre- and post-TSA implementation eras, over a ten-year period (2010-2019). The independent variable was represented by Government Deposits (representing the TSA), while aggregate Commercial Banks Deposits and Loans and Advances were the dependent variables. The data were analysed using descriptive, regression and correlation analysis, with the aid of IBM SPSS Statistics version 28. The findings of the study revealed that Government Deposits have a significant positive effect on Commercial Banks Deposit Mobilization. The P-value was found to be <0.001 which is less than 0.05 meaning that the P-value is statistically significant at 5% level. The study also revealed that Government Deposits have significant positive effect on Commercial Banks Loans and Advances. The P- value was found to be <0.001 which is less than 0.05 meaning the P-value is statistically significant at 5% level. The trend analysis of Government Deposits further revealed a slow growth in Government Deposits after TSA implementation. Between 2010 and 2014 which is the pre-TSA era, Government Deposits in Commercial Banks grew by 163%, whilst between 2015 and 2019, which is the post -TSA era; Government Deposits grew by 74%. The trend analysis of Loans and Advances revealed a slower growth in Loans and Advances during the post -TSA era (35%), compared to 136% growth during the pre -TSA era. The study therefore concluded that the TSA which aims to withdraw Government Deposits from Commercial Banks has a negative effect on Commercial Bank Deposits and their lending ability. The study recommended that banks should develop strategies to attract private sector deposits, to fill the void created by the implementation of the TSA. Banks should come up with innovative solutions to tap into the unbanked population. It is important that banks develop attractive savings products to encourage the culture of saving among citizens. The study further recommended that the Ministry of Finance should consider allowing Commercial Banks involved in revenue collection, a few days float before revenue is remitted to the main TSA account at Bank of Zambia (BOZ).
A study of the effects of mobile banking services on the financial performance of Zambian commercial banks: a case study of Atlas mara.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Siasulingana, Misozi
The introduction of mobile banking has completely transformed the financial industry, providing customers with unparalleled ease of access and convenience. This paper explores the complex relationship between mobile banking and the financial performance of commercial banks. The study employs a descriptive research design and specifically targets senior and middle management professionals, as well as supervisors, at Atlas Mara Zambia. A rigorous sample of 287 bank employees were carefully chosen using stratified random sampling procedures. The study utilized secondary data from reputable sources such as the Bank of Zambia (BOZ) and Atlas Mara published Annual Financial Reports. In addition, primary data was collected using closed ended questionnaires. The study's analytical methodology was based on a comprehensive approach that uses both descriptive and inferential statistics. Regression analysis and Pearson’s correlations coefficient were skillfully used to analyze quantitative data. The results of this study shed light on compelling argument: the accessibility of mobile banking and loans has undeniably caused positive changes in the financial performance metrics of commercial banks. Based on the results, the study provides practical suggestions to strengthen the mutually beneficial connection between commercial banks and mobile banking services. An important idea is to encourage creative collaborations between the banking sector and telecommunication service providers in order to strengthen nationwide Internet and network coverage. Furthermore, the report proposes a fundamental change in the way commercial banks operate, going beyond simply increasing access to mobile banking and instead prioritizing the improvement of customer service quality through these channels. Moreover, commercial banks are strongly urged to initiate comprehensive consumer awareness efforts, clearly explaining the wide range of new goods and services designed specifically for the mobile banking system. Furthermore, it is recommended to make careful and wise investments in research and development to stimulate innovation in current mobile banking platforms, guaranteeing their ongoing significance and effectiveness in fulfilling changing consumer needs. Ultimately, this study emphasises the urgent need for stakeholders in the banking industry to use mobile banking as a driving force for significant change, while also managing the complex array of risks and opportunities that come with this new digital landscape.
A study of the factors affecting profitability of Zambian commercial banks: a case of ZANACO.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Mumba, Prudence
All businesses regardless of the nature require profitability for them to progress. Therefore, this thesis aimed at assessing Zanaco’s profitability using ratio analysis, through three major objectives (i) To ascertain Zambia National Commercial Bank’s ability to generate return to its shareholders during the period 2016-2021. (ii) To determine Zambia National Commercial Bank’s ability to convert sales into profit during the period 2016-2021. (iii) To identify internal factors influencing Zambia National Commercial Bank’s ability to generate profit and returns to its shareholders during the period 2016-2021. The study used both primary and secondary information. Primary information was collected through structured questionnaires. Data analysis was done through SPSS V26 for primary data and excel for secondary data for the period 2016 - 2021, the response rate of primary data collection which was physically administered to Zanaco employees was 35 respondents indicating a 65%. Secondary data was collected through the analysis of Zanaco’s financial statements for the period 2016-2021. The findings review that the profitability ratios show that the bank has a stable ROA, and ROE, but low EPS and ROCE. The Low NPM below 30% for the years under review thus implying that Zanaco is minimally profitable, because of Zanaco’s high Expense operational ratios EOR. Zanaco bank is liquid as it is able to convert its assets to cash easily, but does not have enough cash flow. Additionally, the bank is affected, by inflation and macro-economic factors, however due to the bank size, capital, asset quality, credit rating and effective cost management strategies the bank is able to withstand turbulent economic impacts.
A study of the factors affecting the collection of withholding tax on rental income from the informal sector: a case of Zambia Revenue Authority.
(The University of Zambia, 2021) Lwanga, Celine Chanda
Taxation is the pillar of public sector finance and is therefore critical to the short-term performance and long-term growth of the economy. However, the challenges of collecting taxes in less advanced economies such as Zambia is well documented in the empirical literature, particularly in relation to taxing forms of income directly. These challenges are compounded by the large informal sectors in such countries. The World Bank estimates that 90% of adults in Zambia earn their income from the informal economy for example. This study involved empirical investigation of the factors that affect the collection of withholding tax (WHT) on rental income from the informal sector in Zambia. It involved a case study of the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA). It was motivated by evidence that WHT on rental income remitted to the ZRA had been falling despite countrywide exponential growth in rental properties over the past decade. The study examined the relationship between informal sector compliance with rental income tax and the tax rate, aspects of tax administration, and individual characteristics such as age, gender, Income of individual tax payer and level of education. Specifically, the relationship between the perceptions of the tax rate on rental income, administration, individual characteristics of respondents(regressors) and likelihood of potential taxpayers making full disclosures relating to their liabilities (response variable) was examined using logistic linear regression. Data was collected by self-administered questionnaire interviews from a nonprobability sample of 139 respondents. Logistic regression results showed that perceptions of the tax rate being high lowered the probability of compliance with the tax as did aggressive reminders of obligations to taxpayers by authorities. On the other hand, results suggested that taxpayer engagement by authorities, taxpayer education, as well as the development of a comprehensive database of eligible taxpayers as part of tax administration would enhance likelihood of compliance. positive coefficients implying that they increased the likelihood of compliance. However, all results were not statistically significant. From results of the study, policy recommendations are that authorities should consider revising the tax rate or creating banded rates to boost collections amongst taxpayers with different levels of rental income. The Authority to consider collecting rental income from Landlords rather than tenants. Further, engagement with taxpayers and creation of comprehensive taxpayer database should be used by authorities to improve compliance with the tax in sections of Zambia’s informal sector.
A study of the factors preventing SMEs participation in alternative stock market in Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2020) Lungu, George
The lack of SME financing has prompted the need to provide an alternative way to raise funds from the sale of shares through the Alternative Security Markets (ASM). Thus SMEs need to be allowed to register on the stock exchange market. This paper was inspired by the lack of research on this trend in Zambia as it tried to examine factors that could encourage SMEs to register on the ASM. To achieve this goal, the research adopted a quantitative method, while the research strategy used a survey. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The design was considered appropriate in determining factors that prevents SMEs businesses from raising finance on the ASM. The study used a Stratified sampling technique where random sampled quotas were chosen. The size of the sample was determined using Yamen’s formula that derived 65 companies. Questionnaires were used to obtain primary data in this study. Data were obtained from a sample size of sixty five (65) respondents drawn from the population of 4,058 SMEs. Four factors were considered that prevents SMEs from listing on ASM and these are 1) (information accessibility), factor 2) (regulatory requirements), factor 3) (corporate governance) and factor 4) (Transaction cost). Research findings indicated that information access, regulatory requirements, corporate governance, and transaction cost for SMEs are critical in deciding SMEs participation on the ASM. The study concluded that information accessibility, regulatory requirements, corporate governance, as well as transaction cost are important in determining SMEs listing on the ASM. The research findings confirm the previous studies carried out in Kenya, South Africa, Nigeria and London that availability of information, regulatory requirements, corporate governance, and cost of the transaction were key factors in the listing of SMEs. The study recommended that if Lusaka stock exchange is to establish an effective ASM for SMEs they should factor in information accessibility, regulatory requirements, corporate governance, and transaction cost. Keywords: SMEs, alternative, stock, market.
A study of the factors that affect agribusiness financing in Zambia: a case study of smallholder farmers in Chibombo district.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Chanda, Richard
Limited access to agricultural financing is a constraint to the development of the Smallholder Farmers (SHFs) of the agriculture sector. The formal financial institutions face a challenge to provide agricultural credit that meets the unique demands of SHFs in the agricultural. Although SHFs face several challenges, lack of capital for investment contribute significantly to reduced production, increased food insecurity, and persistent poverty, especially in rural areas of the country. The research aimed to address three fundamental inquiries: the extent of financial inclusivity, the factors influencing access to finance, and the exploration of alternative financing models. Through a comprehensive study involving data collection, analysis, and interpretation, this research sheds light on the financial landscape for these farmers. A descriptive research design was employed which led to the adoption of a mixed-methods approach. The target population for investigation was drawn from 48,000 SHFs in Chibombo district. The sample size was 100 to whom semi structured questionnaires was administered for data collection based on a two-stage sampling procedure (purposive and saturation). The reliability of instrument was accessed using a half- split technique. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. A multiple logistic regression was conducted to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variable variables. The findings reveal a stark reality of exclusion, with only 19% of SHFs surveyed reported having accessed credit and only 8% of rural SHFs were utilizing formal banking services. These statistics reveals a considerable hurdle in their efforts to secure financial resources for enhancing agricultural activities and livelihoods. The study delved into credit access challenges, both on the demand and supply sides, and identified variables such as gender, age, and income that impacted credit availability. Logistic regression analysis further explored the influence of these variables on credit access. In response to these challenges, the research proposed innovative financing models tailored to the unique needs of SHFs. These models include mobile money lending, peer-to-peer lending, guarantee schemes, collateral substitutes, and group lending. Each model offers an avenue to empower farmers economically and overcome barriers to financial access. The study recommended that the Government initiatives should focus on improving rural infrastructure, including road networks and transportation systems. Further, incentivize institutions or partnerships that actively participate in community-based financing initiatives by offering tax breaks or grants to them. Lastly, regulatory bodies should collaborate with financial institutions to develop a regulatory framework that supports and governs mobile money lending to ensure consumer protection and fair competition. In conclusion, this research contributes to the discourse on agriculture financing by providing insights into the financial realities of rural SHFs in Zambia. The proposed models present actionable pathways to uplift these farmers, foster sustainable development, and promote financial literacy. As Zambia seeks to enhance its economic landscape and empower its agricultural sector, the findings of this study offer valuable guidance for shaping policies and interventions that can drive lasting positive change.
A study of the macro economic factors affecting the value of the Zambian Kwacha.
(The University of Zambia, 2020) Mwansa, Derick C.
This study was aimed at determining the influence of macroeconomic factors on foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and the value of the Zambian Kwacha. Macroeconomic factors include inflation rates, interest rates, Gross Domestic Product growth rate (GDP) and Balance of Payments which constituted independent variables whilst the dependent variable in the study was the value of the Kwacha against the United States Dollar ($). Secondary data representing annual average covering the period 1993 to 2018 was extracted from various Bank of Zambia and Central Statistical Office reports for the study. The study used regression model, E.Views software version 22 to analyse the data set. The study established that, based on the error correction model, R-squared was 0.6 meaning that 36% of variations in the performance of the kwacha against the US dollar is caused by the four independent variables in the developed model. The results also showed that interest rates and Gross Domestic Product growth rate were negatively related to the performance of the kwacha, while inflation and Balance of Payment rates were positively related to the value of the kwacha at 0.05% level of significance. However, the response of the kwacha with respect to all independent variables was not very responsive as all the variables were inelastic. In addition, the F.Test based on the ANOVA showed that there was no significance between the dependent variable and independent variables. The study, therefore, recommends that both contractionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy can greatly improve the performance of the kwacha against the US dollar in times of economic recession.
A study of the macro economic factors affecting the value of the Zambian kwacha.
(The University of Zambia, 2020) Mwansa, Derick C.
This study was aimed at determining the influence of macroeconomic factors on foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and the value of the Zambian Kwacha. Macroeconomic factors include inflation rates, interest rates, Gross Domestic Product growth rate (GDP) and Balance of Payments which constituted independent variables whilst the dependent variable in the study was the value of the Kwacha against the United States Dollar ($). Secondary data representing annual average covering the period 1993 to 2018 was extracted from various Bank of Zambia and Central Statistical Office reports for the study. The study used regression model, E.Views software version 22 to analyse the data set. The study established that, based on the error correction model, R-squared was 0.6 meaning that 36% of variations in the performance of the kwacha against the US dollar is caused by the four independent variables in the developed model. The results also showed that interest rates and Gross Domestic Product growth rate were negatively related to the performance of the kwacha, while inflation and Balance of Payment rates were positively related to the value of the kwacha at 0.05% level of significance. However, the response of the kwacha with respect to all independent variables was not very responsive as all the variables were inelastic. In addition, the F.Test based on the ANOVA showed that there was no significance between the dependent variable and independent variables. The study, therefore, recommends that both contractionary monetary policy and expansionary fiscal policy can greatly improve the performance of the kwacha against the US dollar in times of economic recession.
A study of the strategic responses of commercial banks to changes in the external environment in Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Ndonji, Kamiji
Banking sectors play a crucial part in the growth of a country's economy. As a result, the banking sector's stability is critical to an economy's growth. However, commercial banks are faced with external environmental changes that may render negative as well as positive impacts on commercial banks. Thus, banks need to respond to such changes with strategies. Crafting strategies to suit changes in the external environment is one goal of every organisation whose aim is to remain competitive in the market, generate profits and attain growth. To that end, this study aimed at investigating the response strategies of commercial banks to changes in the external environment in Zambia. Study’s specific objectives were to; establish response strategies employed by commercial banks in Zambia to the economic changes; determine the response strategies employed by commercial banks in Zambia to technology advancements; and establish the response strategies employed by commercial banks in Zambia to social- cultural changes. This study utilized a descriptive research approach. A total number of 38 questionnaires were distributed, from this number, 20 questionnaires were returned and correctly answered. This translates into 52.6% response rate. Data was quantitatively analysed using SPSS and Microsoft excel. The percentages, averages, and means were used to represent the result values. The results revealed that commercial banks did not respond to Social-cultures changes in consumer behaviour in Zambia. However commercial banks responded to economic and technological factors, which led to closure of some branches and bank merges. To that end, commercial banks adopted various response strategies to respond to the changes. Strategies adopted included stability and expansion while no commercial bank adopted retrenchment strategy. Study concludes that Commercial banks adopted stability to respond to economic and technological external environment changes. Study recommends that commercial banks should not only concentrate on stability strategies, but also use other strategies such as expansion and retrenchment strategies to survive the harsh external turbulence. Management of commercial banks should take advantage of advances in information and communication technology that enhances service delivery and meeting customer needs. Banks need to constantly scan the environment using various tools like SWOT, Research and Development and PESTEL in order to be aware of changes in the external environment and prepare for it.
A study of the viability of Zambia co-operative federation (ZCF) installed solar milling plants in Zambia.
(The University of Zambia, 2024) Nkandu, George
Zambia co-operative federation has been occupied with the desire to supply affordable and quality mealie meal to the rural communities, sustain a viable projection through loan collection while maintaining “public trust”. The aim of this study is to critically evaluate the viabilities of the Solar milling plants and thought process of cooperatives in rural areas on repaying back of loans using pragmatic action research. This thesis contributes to the empirically and theoretically based understanding of, the impact of the presidential funds in Zambia. A case study of Solar Milling plants across Zambia via ZCF. This study was a participatory in nature, hence, a cross sectional approach was undertaken in the first half of 2018, 2019 and part of 2020 to access primary, district and provincial corporative responses regarding viability of the solar milling plants in the community and to ZCF. In the results, several findings were established which tried to satisfy the objectives of the study. The correlation model revealed that there was a significant difference in between monthly target and monthly recovery fund. A weak relationship was found between the two variables that indicate differences exist between the two groups. This implies that a the viability of solar milling plant and loan recovery is low and not very feasible. This result was found to be significant with p values less than 0.05 and the entire model was significant at p-values (0.0387<0.05). Regarding the factors related to Zambia Co-operative Federation (ZCF) Debt recovery on the installed solar milling plants in Zambia were revealed to repayment history, capacity of machine, Binding cooperative contract, raw material and system of recovery, OR=0.8494, p=0.001. It was also found that despite minor difference these factors were established to directly relate to debt rectory. All in all the study established that although, the trend has been going up, the PI trend is still below 1. This means each invested dollar is generating revenue of less than 1 dollar. Since the profitability index is less than 1, the project should be rejected. Recommendations have been made to ZCF management to also provide resources for the cooperatives who are managing the milling plants with startup capital to buy maize and packaging materials for the mealie meal and also provide tools for recovery officers to use when following up loan payments from cooperatives. The need to train cooperators on corporate governance, book keeping so that there is comprehensive general accountability. There is need also to increase revenue collections for the federation through support system where co-operatives are assisted with resource base to buy raw materials needed for production, By doing that co-operatives will have products readily available for communities to come buy thereby making sales and thus revenue in a sustainable manner while maintaining “public trust”, the paper ought to improve the sports pages by restructuring the entire sport desk.
Addressing challenges in accessing finance by small and medium enterprises (SMES) in Zambia: a pragmatic approach.
(The University of Zambia, 2022) Bwembya, Jemana
The objective of the study on ‘Addressing Challenges in Accessing Finance by Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kitwe District of Zambia, was to examine the constraints experienced by SME owners in their quest to access financing from financial institutions, to fund business initiatives such as startup endeavors, business operations, and business expansion. The study employed a mixed method research design. The sample for the quantitative approach for the study comprised 60 SMEs and 6 Banks while 4 institutions dealing with SMEs were included as key informants for the qualitative approach. Questionnaires were used to collect data which was subsequently analyzed using Descriptive analysis and chi square test of independence in IBM SPSS Statistics version 28. For the qualitative approach, interviews were for data collection while content analysis was used for data analysis. The findings revealed that access to finance has a significant relationship with SME capabilities of procuring new technology and improving performance for them to survive and attain sustainability and growth, hence the need to resolve the long-standing SME financing challenges like high interest rates, short term loan product offerings, and rigid requirements of collateral and audited financial statements. On the other hand, the study revealed that SME survival was not only dependent on accessibility to finance but also proper SME management, which affects operations and profitability and subsequently loan repayment capabilities. The findings also revealed that banks continued to prefer immovable assets as collateral when lending to SMEs. The study therefore recommends taking measures to resolve the challenges in SME financing through formulation of schemes to lend to groups of SMEs at relatively low rates while the group members of SMEs share default risks, implementation of Credit Guarantee Schemes, formulation of collateral registers with guidelines on valuation and disposal of securities, as well as provision of incentives to banks that lend and effectively monitor the performance of SMEs to ensure success. The implication of this study is that Government and nongovernmental organizations could make use of the research findings to reflect on the challenges, develop and implement effective intervention policies and laws in accordance with international best practices, aimed at spurring the SME sector for sustainable and inclusive growth. Key Words: Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), SME Financing Challenges, SME Growth
Addressing factors affecting fire insurance uptake: a case study of Makeni residents in Zambia at household level.
(The University of Zambia, 2021) Momba, Bervin
This study addressed factors affecting fire insurance uptake at household level among Makeni residents in Lusaka, Zambia. In carrying out this study, a survey was conducted. The target population was the residents of Makeni. The sampling technique used was simple stratified random sampling where 170 respondents were drawn from a population of the entire Makeni residents. The study collected information using a survey questionnaire. Analysis of the data was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to come up with various descriptive statistics. Finally, data was imported into STATA software where logit multivariate model regression was used to address factors affecting fire insurance uptake at household level. The study findings indicated that there were some social economic factors, diffusion factors, and customer value perceived factors and risk behaviour among Makeni Residents that affected fire uptake insurance. Further, the research concluded that there were various factors affecting fire insurance uptake among Makeni Residents differently at household level, though the fire uptake has been found to be very low at 39% visa vie less than 5% and less than 10% respectively. The study thus recommended that the government should continuously improve the country’s GDP and per capital so that fire insurance uptake increase; government should take deliberate measure by way of regulation to introduce compulsory household fire insurance; insurance firms still have a big role to market their various products to the consumers through modern innovation technics and that consumers have to seriously embrace the idea of insurance as a financing instrument to mitigate their risks in day to today life. Key Words: Factors; Fire insurance; Uptake and Insurance industry
Addressing factors that lead to money laundering in the real estate sector based on the financial action task force standards: a case study of selected real estate agents in Lusaka district.
(The University of Zambia, 2021) Chisenga, Dennis
Money Laundering is a widespread problem that has negatively impacted many countries in various parts of the world. Zambia is one of the countries in the world that is rated as having a medium high money laundering risk. One of the sectors which have contributed to this rating is the real estate sector which was rated as posing a high money laundering risk in Zambia. Money Laundering has negatively affected Zambia’s financial system and economic development because of a few individuals who earn proceeds from crime and benefit at the expense of many. Further, if left unchecked Money Laundering will allow criminals to expand their operations thereby increasing criminal activities in the society such as drug trafficking, tax evasion and corruption. The study aim was to contribute to the growing body of literature in addressing factors that lead to money laundering in the real estate sector based on the Financial Action Task Force Standards. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and both quantitative and qualitative data was collected to better understand the money laundering in the real estate sector in a bid to address the factors that lead to money laundering. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling were used in this research and a total number of 62 respondents participated in the research. SPSS was used to analyse the quantitative data and the qualitative data was transcribed and analysed based on the recurring themes. The study results are that effective AML in the real estate sector relies on the AML training and effective internal controls by real estate agents. The results presented a p-value of 0.008 which was less than 0.05. This indicated that the model was statistically significant in explaining the impact of the independent variables on the effective AML in real estate sector in Zambia. It is therefore concluded that the independent variables had significant combined effects on effective AML in the real estate sector based on FATF Standards in Zambia. The research results signals that there is need to have more training and awareness activities in the real estate sector.
Addressing teacher demotivation in public secondary schools: a case of selected schools in Lusaka District
(University of Zambia, 2020) Mgode, Mpoli
Motivation as a concept, is an essential element, which if well executed could enhance performance and commitment among teachers, especially in public secondary schools. While teacher motivation is of paramount importance, it had been observed that, several teachers working in public secondary schools in Lusaka District were highly demotivated. In this regard the researcher sought to address factors responsible for teacher demotivation in the ten selected public secondary schools of Lusaka District and provide workable strategies to reduce demotivation among teacher. In view of this, an Applied Research Design with a mixed method approach of an equal status was sequentially employed. In addition, the research was guided by Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction. Two instruments of data collection were used to gather primary data. A survey questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data in the first phase of the research and a Focus Group Discussion was employed to collect qualitative data in the second phase of the research. The quantitative data was analysed using the Chi-square test and the Pearson Correlation at the 5 percent confidence level and the qualitative data was analysed using Thematic Analysis. A total of 250 respondents were selected by a simple random technique to participate in the study. The findings of the study were that: female teachers, younger teachers aged between 20 and 29, Master’s Degrees holders, teachers who saved between 31 and 40 years and Section Heads were the highly demotivated teachers. In addition, the study discovered that: lack of recognition for teachers’ good performance, inadequate conditions in which teacher worked from (such as inadequate teaching and learning materials, inadequate infrastructure and high teacher pupil ratio), poor management style, poor professional status, inadequate remuneration, in adequate training and development programmes and poor interpersonal work relationships, were the factors responsible for teacher demotivation. The study therefore, recommended a number of motivation enhancing strategies to be employed in order to reduce teacher demotivation, among these strategies were that: promotions should be based on merit, improving working conditions by expanding the school infrastructure especially the classrooms to reduce the teacher pupil ratio which stood at 85 pupils to one teacher, Head teachers to be more: (democratic, friendly, objective and impartial), eliminating negative publicity to improve teachers’ professional status in society, improving teachers’ salaries, increasing funding for in-service and specialised training and decentralising decision making. The study also recommended that a similar study be conducted in other districts and provinces of Zambia in order to find a lasting solution to teacher demotivation especially in public schools. Key Words: Teacher, Teacher Demotivation and Public Secondary Schools.
Addressing the effects of procurement procedure breaches in Higher Learning Institutions: a case of the Lusaka Apex Medical University in Zambia.
(University of Zambia, 2020) Mtonga, Charlene
This study is aimed at addressing the Effects of Procurement Procedure breaches in higher learning Institution. This was a case study of Lusaka Apex Medical University in the City of Lusaka. Due to these breaches, it was discovered that the institution has suffered liquidity challenges. Some of the challenges included some of the goods and services delivered were of poor quality, wrong specifications and more expensive than the actual comparative costs which has led to the institution gradually facing financial constraints. This has affected timely delivery and quality efficiency in operations and service delivery of the Institutions core Objective. The research method used in this study was a mixed methods design and it was more of qualitative (explanatory) and this was when inference statistics was not used. The data used in this research was collected from 53 respondents from LAMU by use of structured questionnaires using both open ended and closed questions; 5 of which are procurement staff; 48 are participants in the Procurement process, which includes; Board of directors, Faculty Deans, Heads of departments and requesters/users. The data was then analyzed using Microsoft excel and statistical package for social scientists (SPSS). The findings therefore highlighted that they are indeed breaches at LAMU with 91% of the respondents in agreement. Some motives that were identified as the reason for breaching the procedures were: personal interest which was the had the highest on the list of repeated responses, abuse of authority and opportunity was also identified as a cause alongside rationalization, pressure, lengthy procurement procedure process and ignorance of the procedure. These, if left unaddressed will have a negative impact on the operational efficiency of the Organisation and future sustainable growth. Most of these challenges can be a thing of the past if the institution took practical steps in addressing the root cause to the problem. Some of the recommendations by the researcher are, top management to raise awareness on the importance of following laid down procedure and enforce it across the Organisation, assist staff in the procurement department and all the participants to implement the laid down Procurement procedure. Promote transparency in the procurement system and develop a procurement Code of Conduct. Offer incentives to those in compliance and Introduce disciplinary action to those failing to adhere to the laid down procurement procedure as outlined in the Procurement Procedure manual and code of conduct. Most importantly, introducing the E-Procurement system that will improve the spend visibility, real time institution’s expenditure and automated sequential procurement procedures. E-procurement eliminates paperwork, rework and errors. Visibility of spend. Centralized tracking of transactions enables full reporting on xiii requisitions, items purchased, orders processes, and payments made. E-procurement advantages extend to ensuring compliance with existing and established procedures and contracts resulting to better Productivity efficiency. Key words: Lusaka Apex Medical University (LAMU), Breaches, Procurement, Supply Chain Management (SCM), Effects, Suppliers, Public, Orders, Bidding, Procedure.
Addressing the factors influencing employee retention based on a causal model.
(The University of Zambia, 2020) Sishuwa, yvonne
Employee Retention is a process in which employees are encouraged to remain with an organisation for the maximum period of time or until the completion of a project. Successful organisations need to do more than just hire the right people but retain the right people for the jobs. Failure to retain employees results in the loss of knowledge, experience, customer relations and technical skills which are taken to another organisation. The main aim of this study was to identify some of the major factors that influence employee retention in the transport and logistics industry of Solwezi, in order to address the poor retention rates experienced by the industry. The Causal Model was adapted to this study with a focus on workplace structures, individual characteristics, job satisfaction, organisational commitment and intent to stay. The computed sample from the population was 171 but only 144 responded to the semi-structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews for key respondents from the selected organisations. Descriptive Statistics and Chi-Square tests of independence were used to analyse the collected quantitative while Coding and Categorisation analysis was also used to analyse the qualitative data collected. The findings established that retention was influenced by job satisfaction, job commitment and workplace structures. However, individual characteristics such as education level, contract type and marital status did not have significant influence on employee retention. The qualitative data findings indicated that the poor retention rates were because of the workplace structures. From the findings, it was recommended that employers in the transport and logistics industry should devise employee retention strategies that are focused on enhancing job satisfaction, promoting organisational commitment and create policies that improve workplace structures such as the working environment, communication, work life balance, policies to promote job security and career development.