Humanities and social Sciences

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Alienation and the individuation experience: a study of select characters from the novels of Achebe, Oyono and Thiong'o
(2012-03-05) Mumba, Norah Mbalose
This study explores psychological, social and physical reaction by Africans to the colonial experience through literary characters created by three of Africa's leading writers. These are Chinua Achebe (Things Fall Apart), Ferdinand Oyono (Houseboy and The Old Man and the Medal) and Ngugi wa Thiong'o (The River Between). It considers how characters like Okonkwo, Toundi, Meka, Muthoni and others individually suffered alterations to the normal equilibrium of their individual lives upon being faced with the new circumstances prescribed upon them by colonisation. They all needed to develop some sort of coping mechanism in attempting to come to terms with their altered environment and challenged identity. The central thrust of the study is the concept of individuation as developed by Carl Gustav Jung in his Analytical Psychology. The process of individuation is a quest towards achieving psychic wholeness through psychological development. It entails emotional growth, discovery of meaning in life and occasionally enlightenment or victory over inner obstacles. The individuated person is one who has undergone a process of recovering the meaning of his life, after having lost it. The loss of meaning in life is occasioned by a feeling of alienation such as that brought on by colonisation upon the native populations. Such loss is usually accompanied by loss of one's religious belief. Colonialism introduced Christianity and forced a re-orientation of subjugated peoples from their original religious systems to embracing the white man's religion. This abrupt and forced departure from their own belief systems was not without cost. Not only were there major ramifications in psychological terms but also the colonisers set out to use the new religion as a tool for disempowering the natives. The result was a mixture of psychological as well as physical violence inflicted by the whites upon the subjugated black people. Analytical Psychology is employed to try to understand the workings of the human mind from the perspective of the Victim' as well as to find the source in the human psyche of such orchestrated victimisation of one set of people by another. Jungian psychology attempts to identify the workings of the human psyche that may predispose one set of people to behave in a particular manner, to share particular mind DNA, and how an individual may inherit from the collective such a DNA pattern.
''Analysis of family planning knowledge and practices among rural Zambian Women''
(2012-08-24) Chirwa, Margaret Chenda
This study aims at assessing the impact which education, the money economy, age, marital status, religious affiliation and preferred family size has had on the Zambian rural women's family planning; knowledge and practice and to find out whether the women's traditional values of children were changing or not changing. Data for this study was drawn from a larger survey on "Fertility and Migration in Rural Areas of Zambia" which had five sections. This study utilized data from only one section of the larger survey which was on family planning,V related to Part Three of the questionnaire. A total of 3,000 women were interviewed in two districts in Eastern Province and two districts in Luapula Province. Using the 1980 Popula¬tion Census, each province was allocated a sample according to the population of the Province. A similar procedure was again used for each district. Within each district, villages were randomly selected with the probability to size. Within each village all the households were included in the sample.The objective of this study is to gain more understanding of the very current social issues of family planning knowledge and usage, in the rural areas, which so far, had been the least researched into. The insights maybe of relevance to both scholars and policy makers.
Applying participatory approaches to Community Water Management : a case study of George compound complex in Lusaka
(2012-05-07) Ngoma, Jumbe
The main theme of this report is participatory approaches to water management in George Compound Complex. The impressive infrastructure supporting the water management activities in George Compound Complex has made admirable efforts not only to institutionalise, but also to implement the concept of community participation. This study was prompted by the fact that some residents have opted to continue using shallow wells, which have been declared dangerous for several reasons, instead of safe water provided by the project. It was therefore necessary to look at the level of participation by the residents in the management of the project water. Overall results indicate that the community is being supported and empowered to genuinely participate in water management. The management infrastructure for community development includes local water committees. The employment policy of the project deliberately favours the engagement of George Compound Complex residents only, in order to empower the local community. The water management teams are self-elected and add value to the community's participation efforts. As a result, residents are better committed to this project than they had been to the previous one, as shown by established and functional water committees, reduction in vandalism, efforts at cost recovery and more importantly, the successful reduction in cases of cholera and diarrhoeal diseases. However, the fact that some residents have opted to use water from shallow wells instead of safe water provided by the project poses a threat to the well being of the whole community. In general the study found that community participation in the management of George Compound Complex in the water supply system, has improved in the welfare of the community. This whole achievement can be destroyed by the threat from the continued use of shallow wells. The fight against shallow wells needs to be intensified through participatory approaches.
An assessment of Communication Strategies for Poverty reduction in community driven development: the case of Programme Urban Self Help (PUSH)
(2012-04-11) Kalwani, Rose Mwandu
This study is a detailed account of the observations and findings of the student on communication strategies of poverty reduction in Community Driven Development. In order to carry out the study, the student was attached to Programme Urban Self Help -PUSH national office in Lusaka. To comprehensively assess the communication strategies and channels, the student had to study the poverty reduction livelihood activities in the PUSH communities of the Northern Region, which included Lunga, Mutenda, Mbonge and Soloboni. Soloboni community is in the Southern Region but under the poverty reduction strategy. The findings indicate that PUSH has a viable participatory social development programme which has made an impact among the low income communities. It is evident the organization needs adequate funding to achieve its focus of delivering sustainable social development. Participatory bottom-up approaches to communication require a high investment. Nevertheless, the PUSH communication policy requires modification of the guiding norms and principles. The organization ought to enhance its interaction with the community; and provide opportunities for staff transformation, dialogue and consensus.
Communication links utilised by women in their Agroforestry activities : a case Chama, Chipata and Katete District Women's Development Associations
(2012-05-07) Mwela, Lukonde Millica
This practical attachment report is based on the student's findings and experiences in Chama Chipata and Katete. The student was given an opportunity to have an insight into KEPA Zambia and ICRAFs involvement with the DWDAs in the Eastern Province. KEPA and ICRAF render financial and technical assistance to the women by equipping them with information on the adoption of agroforestry techniques for the replenishment of soil fertility. Women who are responsible for most of the country's agricultural produce are faced with a lot of problems regarding soil fertility and are unable to obtain adequate fertiliser to ensure the desired performance of their crops. For that reason the planting of trees has been proposed as an alternative to the mostly unavailable and expensive inorganic fertilisers to the rural communities. The student's task was to evaluate communication links utilised by the women's groups themselves as well as KEPA and ICRAF and efforts by the two organisations to assist the women in their struggle for development. The report highlights some of the important aspects in group communication considering that in the DWDAs the most important are the women's groups. Also discussed is the importance of member participation in decision-making.
Communication strategies used by National Aids Council (NAC) to combat HIV/AIDS
(2012-04-05) Hamwaka, Atanasius
This report is a result of the attachment and study of the HIV/AIDS communication strategies used by National AIDS Council (NAC) to fight HIV/AIDS in Zambia. NAC was established by an act of Parliament in 2002, to coordinate a multisectoral response to HIV and AIDS in the country. Its main role is to coordinate and support the development of the multi sectoral national response for the prevention and combating of the spread of HIV, STI and TB in order to reduce the personal, social and economic impacts of HIV/AIDS, STI and TB. A primary impediment in the fight against AIDS is lack of information and communication about the disease. Information and communication hold vast potential to hinder the spread of the disease, as key element of all aspects of HIV/AIDS strategies, including prevention, treatment, care and support. They offer potential solutions to misinformation and myths, silence and denial, and stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV and AIDS. The study intended to appraise the activities and communication strategies used by NAC to disseminate HIV/AIDS information. The report presents what was found out in terms of the activities and strategies that were used to reach Zambians. It serves as resource showing a number of different communications models and applications in the field. It highlights NAC's emerging convergence in approaches and increasing efforts to build bridges between different types of HIV/AIDS activities, including communication for social and advocacy. HIV/AIDS is a matter of global concern. The report reveals that effective HIV/AIDS programmes should place emphasis on communication strategies to give future directions for more effective AIDS control programmes. Finally, the report presents recommendations for the future basing on the analysis of the evidence of the research.
Communication tools used and their perceived effectiveness in disseminating HIV/AIDS messages for the workforce in ZAMTEL
(2012-05-07) Nyundu, William
The report is as a result of the study on HIV/AIDS communication tools used by Zambia telecommunication company (Zamtel). Zamtel as a communication company aims at providing cost effective, comprehensive and high quality telecommunication facilities and services to its customers. The impact of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has not spared Zamtel. HIV/AIDS infectious related diseases have adversely increased costs such as cost of health care, funeral costs, cost of training and recruiting workers to replace the ill and dying, medical retirement and insurance costs among others. The hindrance to the fight against HIV/AIDS is lack of effective communication tools about the disease. However, Zamtel, is responding to the HIV/AIDS challenges in different ways. Some of the approaches include work place policies and programmes, undertaking extensive prevention and education efforts within their own operations and using effective communication channels as proactive measures designed to limit the spread of HIV/AIDS and its effects among the employees. The study intended to establish the communication tools used and their perceived effectiveness in disseminating HIV/AIDS messages for the workforce in Zamtel. For that reason, the report presents communication tools used such as workshops, seminars, magazines distribution, health talks, interpersonal communication and electronic media to disseminate HIV/AIDS information to employees. The findings showed that the majority of the respondents, 69.1 percent, revealed that the HIV/AIDS communication dissemination methods used by Zamtel were effective but the degree of effectiveness varied. Ultimately, the report presents recommendations for the future basing on the analysis of the findings of the study. Among the recommendations are that, Zamtel to seriously train peer educators among employees who will confidently and effectively disseminate HIV/AIDS information, Zamtel to use employees who have opened up living with HIV/AIDS to give testimony to help in behavioural change and also Zamtel to incorporate HIV/AIDS information during departmental meetings with staff.
Computers and development : the Zambian experience
(2012-08-24) Kelly, Michael John F
The use of computers in developing countries is growing rapidly in recent years, particularly as a result of recent advances in computer technology. An understanding of the ways in which computers are used in developing countries, and of the impact which their widespread use will have on development of these countries, is assuming new importance. This study was designed to examine these questions in relation to the practical experience of Zambia. The primary source for the study was a survey of those people, both computer experts and computer users, who have substantial experience of working with computers in Zambia. A total of 88 people were surveyed, in 55 organisations drawn from all sectors of the Zambian economy. The main findings of the survey are that - (a)Computers in Zambia are being used in ways which are different from those established in the West,(b)Computers are not installed to reduce costs or staff, but to remedy the slyJLJLfi. shortages which reduce efficiency and productivity in organisations in these countries,(c)Computerisation has been accepted readily in Zambian society, and there is no evidence of any problems caused by computers to date. However, problems may emerge as the scale of computer usage increases in the future. In relation to development theories, the material from this study would support the modernisation school view that computers have great potential to support and accelerate the development of developing countries. The use of computers does involve dependence to some extent, but it is suggested that this may be less serious than in the case of other modern technologies. The degree of dependence caused by computerisation is also related to the effort made by a developing country to develop its own expertise and safeguard its own interests.In general,computers have a great potential to assist development, but each country also needs to take steps to exploit the technology in its own best interests, and to ensure that society adapts to the changes involved with a minimum of disruption.
The delivery of health services in the Zambian decentralised system : a case study of Lusaka District
(2012-08-24) Chama, Kombe William
This study was an attempt to investigate social services delivery in the Zambia decentralised and integrated system of local government, with particular emphasis on health service delivery. The investigation and analysis focused primarily on Lusaka Urban District Council which was one of the first five urban district councils to be involved in the programme of taking over the running of health facilities from central government.The study was prefaced by the concept of 'participation* especially Bregha's (1973) basic participation model in social service delivery - a continua of progressively Increasing involvment of local people in the delivery mechanism through information/feedback* consultation joint planning and delegated authority. Specifically the study investigated first and foremost, if local people had been raade to participate in social services delivery by the introduction of decentralisation in 1981. Secondary, it investigated the extent to which the objective of creating district based, controlled and co-ordinated health service structure had been achieved. The study tested the following hypotheses: First, that under the decentralised system Party members were nor«c likely to participate in service delivery than non-members. Second, that participation of local people was limited to information/ feedback and consultation. Third, that people did not participate in health service delivery in Che die trie t. Fourth, and last that a district based health service structure has not been created, were collected u»ing three instruments: focused interviews using two questionnaires and secondary literature. The first method involved in-d«pth discussions vith key Informants. The second questionnaire examined the health workers perceptions and underatanding of health delivery in the decentralised eystera. The second questionnaire explored local people's understanding of decentralisation and their role in the delivery of health service. Secondly literature consisted of published and non-published documents. A total sample of 150 respondents was selected consisting of five (5) key informants, a stratified random sample of ninety (90) local residents of Lusaka, and fifty five (55) rank and file medical workers in health centres in Lusaka. Salient findings of the study were that the transfers of district health Jurisdiction to the Lusaka Urban District Council had attempted to create both a district based health delivery system and a district health organisation. However, decentralisation of health system had not increased local peoples' participation in health services. There was an absence of an articulate local structure through which local residents could get Involved in health delivery, and that health workers were Ill-prepared to handle community involvement in health services delivery.The study concluded that there was no general policy guidelines about local participation in health services delivery in LUsaka. What was required was therefore a broad policy defining the nature of the council's commitment to popular participation and clarifying the boundaries, settings, and problems of such involvement. With regard to decentralisation of health services, lack of adequate resources especially finance and personnel hataperad the exercise. Overall, the decentralisation Act was found to have been over ambitious as it envisaged to do more than the resources and circumstances permitted.
An ethical investigation into the causes and effects of the over-exploitation of indigenous trees in Mulilima and Ndabala wards in Serenje
(2012-08-01) Mwanza, Major
This dissertation has conducted an ethical investigation into the causes and effects of the over-exploitation of indigenous trees in Mulilima and Ndabala wards in Serenje. The specific objectives of the research as relating to Mulilima and Ndabala wards were: to determine the types and values of indigenous trees that are over-exploited, to establish the people responsible for the over-exploitation of indigenous trees, to examine the environmental and human impacts of the over-exploitation of indigenous trees, and to recommend measures to ensure the sustainable use of indigenous trees. The methodology used for the research was qualitative involving an ethical evaluation. The primary data were collected from observations, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with relevant selected sfekeholders. The secondary data involved information gathered from relevant books, magazines, journals and newspapers as well as from the internet. The analysis of data collected took the form of critical discussion and ethical evaluation. The data collected for this research has been evaluated using both traditional and environmental ethical theories i.e.. Value theory. Utilitarianism, the Land Ethic, Social Ecology and. Environmental and Intergenerational Justice theories, all of which helped to focus on different aspects of the problem.The research findings were that the Mutondo and Musamba tree species are the most exploited. This excessive exploitation of such indigenous trees is perpetuated mainly by charcoal burners and tobacco farmers together with different stakeholders, and it is driven by social and economic conditions. Currently, the area around the two wards is now facing a serious shortage of the Mutondo and Musamba trees threatening the sustainability of both the charcoal and tobacco industry as well as the livelihood of the local inhabitants. Caterpillars and some animals are now almost extinct while some streams are also affected.The ethical evaluation of the over-exploitation of the indigenous trees in the two wards revealed that people's interaction with the natural enviroimient is largely influenced by anthropocentric attitudes in which instrumental value alone is attached to trees to the neglect of intrinsic and inherent values. Furthermore, there is no explicit awareness of the importance of the health of the ecosystem. Unjust social structures have also contributed to the problem. The loss of valuable trees in the area is not only an environmental injustice to the present generation without providing substitutes. It is also creating victims who would be disadvantaged in the future. The final ethical conclusion has been that all of the ethical theories help towards making a more comprehensive ethical analysis of the problem, and all these perspectives need to be taken into consideration.It is recommended that the various stakeholders participate in establishing and implementing appropriate measures that would create conducive social, economic, and environmental conditions for the sustainable exploitation of indigenous trees. This may iavolve strengthening the capacities in the local inhabitants, revisiting the regulations, empowering the forest department, forging networks with relevant stakeholders, and exploring alternative energy sources.
Ethnic groups' interests and Zambia's policy on the decolonization of Angola, 1965- 198
(2012-08-01) Sampa, Romance Chanda
The main objective of the study is to explain Zambia's policy on the decolonisation of Angola by examining the role played by members of ethnic groups living along the country's border with Angola in policy making. The study will analyse relationships between Zambia and Angola's liberation movements during the struggle for independence, and its position on the Angolan conflict from 1965 to 1980. The concentration is mainly on three policy issues. These are: (one), the issue of a government of national unity in Ango¬la; (two), preference for West-oriented liberation movements and (three), the problem of foreign intervention in the Angola civil war.The study is guided by the hypothesis that: the pursuit of interests of the ethnic groups living along Zambia/Angola border, by members of these groups involved in policy making bodies of the pcirty and its government, contributed to tilting Zambia's policy towards Angolan liberation movements away from the policy of evenhandedness to one of preference for UNITA and the FNLA. Accordingly, it determined the extent to which the ethnic groups sympathised with liberation movements in Angola. Out of a sample of 100 people from these groups, sixty were interviewed. These were chosen from, village headmen, provincial and district party officials, leaders of church organisations, businessmen and ordinary people.These people were asked to identity the liberation movements they supported in Angola and to give the reasons for their support.These interviews focussed mainly on three reasons for such support. These are: security - such as fear of harassment by movements active in Angola near border areas; economic - like the risk of losing economic benefits; and lastly social - such as family ties with people across the border. To analyse the ethnic group's influence on Zambia's policy with respect to the above mentioned policy issues, two main approaches were followed: Firstly, interviews were conducted with members of these groups who were on the following policy making bodies of the party and government; the House of Chiefs, village committees; ward committees; provincial development committees; sub-committees of the National Council and of the party congress; the Legal and Foreign Affairs Sub-Committee of the Central Committee; Zambia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and its African Affairs Political Desk; Parliament; the Parliamentary Committee on Foreign Affairs. The Cabinet and State House. Secondly, collection of data by examining records of the proceed¬ings of these institutions regarding Zambia's policy were also done.Other sources of information included were: Records of Zambia/Angola historical events from newspapers and periodicals. Records in the United National Independence Party (UNIP) politi¬cal Musexjm; Ministry of Foreign Affairs communique and press re¬leases; texts of speeches delivered by the President of Zambia on the decolonisation of Angola for the periods under study; commu¬niques released by liberation movements; the Party Congress of the National Council and by the Chairman of the Political, Legal and Foreign Affairs Sub-Committee of the Central Committee; refugee committee documents of the Refugee Committee under Cabi¬net Office, OAU liberation committee docxxments and National Assembly Hansards.The study shows that the policy of evenhandedness was not consistently followed over the period \mder review. In practice Zambia's policy covertly continued to prefer UNITA and the FNLA. This basically put her on the same side as the United States of America and to less extent, the Republic of South Africa. The study further shows that in general Zambian ethnic groups in areas along the border with Angola perceived that supporting UNITA and the FNLA was consistent with their inter¬ests. Therefore, they made attempts through opposition parties and through people from their areas who were on the policy making bodies of the ruling UNIP and the Government, among other media, to make Zambia adopt a policy showing preference for the two movements. It is therefore, concluded that it is likely that ethnic group pressure was among the factors that made Zambia not to follow the policy of evenhandedness consistently and to cov¬ertly show preference for UNITA and to less extent, for the FNLA.
An evaluation of the Communication Strategies of the Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS and Poverty in Zambia
(2012-04-11) Kalyondo, Stanislaus
This study is based on the attachment of the researcher with Catholic Relief Services (CRS) Zambia in Kasama and Lusaka. CRS is an international, humanitarian and development based organization, indirectly implementing through its partners, who include the Catholic Church, faith-based and community-based organizations. CRS operates in this way in order to empower local communities to take ownership of their programmes, thereby being more fully involved in influencing their future. The aim of this study is to establish the extent to which CRS' communication strategies are influencing people's attitudes, beliefs and behaviour towards the HIV and AIDS pandemic as well as the ravaging poverty. It is for this reason that the researcher tried to evaluate the effectiveness of the communication strategies in use by CRS in mitigating the impact of the HIV and AIDS pandemic and poverty in Zambia. In order to achieve the above main objective of the study, the researcher employed both the qualitative and the quantitative research methods. The use of multiple methodologies to acquire data ensured triangulation and validation of the findings. The data gathering methods employed included audience surveys, four FGDs, four in-depth interviews, and participatory methods such as transect walks, community mapping and timelines. These methods revealed that CRS has tended mostly to use meetings, workshops, seminars, print materials, drama and printed T-shirts and citenge materials as approaches in communicating its messages. According to the available data from the study sites, these methods have been able to change people's beliefs, attitudes and behaviour especially with regard to HIV and AIDS. However, the study also established that although CRS had made such tremendous contributions towards the fight against HIV and AIDS and poverty, it had failed to explore other effective communication tools such as radio which are widely used and favored by most people in the study sites. Moreover, it was also observed that CRS had not done much in translating print materials, such as posters, brochures and pamphlets, and printed messages on T-shirts and citenge and the instructions on medicines into local languages. This study recommends among other things that materials be designed specifically for the target audience within their particular culture. Much of information passing in rural areas of Zambia is still based on oral tradition, so the use of non-print materials is likely to be more effective. Consistent, unambiguous messages are the cornerstone of effective communication. The study further recommends that CRS should also explore other communication tools apart from the ones currently in use in order to be more effective in disseminating its messages.
The grammar of compound nouns in Chitonga
(2012-03-06) Musale, maureen Mweene Chiyonga
This study investigated the assumption that compound noun words embed a grammar of a language with special reference to Tonga. The descriptive study was carried out to examine whether the assumption which is thought to be universal is applicable to Tonga, a Bantu language (M64) mainly spoken in the southern part of Zambia. The research applied purposive sampling and snowball sampling to identify and also collect data from fifteen informants. These composed two custodians of the language and thirteen teachers of the language in secondary schools in Southern Province. Radio programs, church and reading materials in Tonga also contributed to the data collected. The collected data was then subjected to phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantics theories for analysis. Syntactic analysis was carried out based on Transformational Generative Grammar. In addition, Government Binding theories were used to analyse grammatical structures and functions of words in a compound noun. The observations done through morphophonological, syntactical and semantics analysis proved that compound noun words do embed a grammar of a language. The analysis was achieved through the four linguistic levels of, phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. The proposition that compound nouns embed the grammar of a language was therefore proved true not only to Tonga as has been proved in other languages.
Health Promotion communication processes: A case study of ZIHP-Comm. and UNAIDS ICT/ESA
(2012-12-24) Mayembe, Morden Mumanga
This eight-chapter report explores the communication processes that are employed by health promotion organisations. It is a case study of the Zambia Integrated Health Programme, communication component (ZIHP-Comm.) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Inter-country Team for Eastern and Southern Africa (UNAIDS ICT/ESA). This report is a result of a four-month attachment at ZIHP-Comm. in Lusaka and a two-month attachment at UNAIDS ICT/ESA in Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. It is a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication for Development (MCD) offered by the Department of Mass Communication at the University of Zambia. The information contained in this report culminated from participant observation and individual in-depth interviews. Various books and documents were also reviewed, for relevant information, to add value to the report. The report opens with a background chapter which is aimed at giving guidance to communication practitioners with regards to potential areas of intervention. The second chapter contains the methodology used during the attachment and the literature review. Chapter three gives the conceptual framework of health communication. It contains rich information that may assist communication practitioners and scholars to know what works and what does not work in health communication. The fourth chapter talks about this writer's personal experiences during the attachment, while the fifth chapter discusses the problems and challenges faced by the two institutions to which this writer was attached. Chapter five is particularly important to communication practitioners and scholars as it highlights most of the problems associated with health promotion in the specified areas. Chapter six discusses the input of this writer during the attachment while chapter seven discusses the findings during the attachment. The final chapter draws some conclusions and recommendations on the findings.
A history of the Mweemba chieftaincy, 1850-1995
(2013-09-12) Moono, Tedro Chikuta
Images of women in Ticklish sensation, Tongue of the dumb and Cowerie of hope with the perspective of sex role sterotypes
(2012-03-06) Muyendekwa, Limbali
This research describes or analyses the images of women in male literary works of Ticklish Sensation, Tongue of the Dumb and Cowrie of Hope with the perspective of sex role stereotypes. This is researched from a feminist and psychoanalytic perspective. Other secondary materials have been used to authenticate this research other than primary books in question. The first section looks at literature review concerning other researchers in different fields but concerning gender issues while this research looked at gender issues concerning images of women in Ticklish Sensation, Tongue of the Dumb and Cowrie of Hope. The issue is finding the source of sex role stereotypes in male written works and this is attributed to the fact that God made man first subjecting a woman to a subordinate position; a position that relegates her due to socially constructed traits that are distinct from those of man. From written literature or history of literature and place in history when the text was produced, the level of social awareness of both society in which he writes, is what influences the written literature or literature affecting society and propagating norms, values and attitudes of the society hence mostly African authors write under the influence of patriarchal societies which inculcate sex role stereotypes. This research has used literature review by different researchers dealing with gender issues in society; however, this research's main concern was researching portrayal of women in male literary works. The next section views the theories of feminist and psychoanalytic theory and how they have affected the male literary works to challenge the authority of men as women have been muted and it is doubtless by virtue of this mutism that men have been able to speak and write as they do, they will enter history subdued and alienated. It is history that, logically speaking, women's speech should disrupt, and literature is seen as a process of psychological exploration aimed at uncovering repressed sentiments and verbalizing what had been unacceptable and repudiated biasness is seen in male authors and is expressed in language though some authors have worked to uplift the image of women like Sinyangwe who is a contemporary writer unlike Gideon Phiri and Dominic Mulaisho. This is seen in the preceding chapters looking at themes, sex role/gender roles, sex rule stereotypes, fragmentation/description of body parts of characters, development of characters where sex role stereotypes play a role in influencing male writers who write without knowing that, they are unfairly treating female characters in their literary works due to the patriarchal system male writers under discussion come from. The outcome is seen in male characters who take the roles that highlight strengths or the potential they stand for, while women are in periphery as appendages or subordinates to men due to sex role stereotypes which are attributed to patriarchal dominance. All these are analysed with their implications for language planning and recommendations which is the focus of the last section while the research focused on the images of women in the three male literary works. The research investigated whether the text gave same opportunities to both female and male characters and also analyses if the male and female characters spoke with the same voice or not. The research also assessed the language used in the text to determine if this language was biased towards one sex or other.
The Impact of Sources of Funding for political parties on Democracy in Zambia
(2015-10-05) Daka, Boniface
The University of Zambia clinic in an effort to ensure that quality health care is provided to the University of Zambia Community the clinic keeps a number of records about the demography, medical history, diagnosis and treatment of this community. All these records are kept in a manual system, this involves storing all this information on hand written paper.This manual system poses a number of challenges to the institution's performance as it is time consuming and has a high error rate. To mitigate these challenges an electronic medical record management system has been implemented which shall ensure that most records are electronically stored and accessible in real time. The system shall improve the performance and reduce errors that are caused by the manual system.In this project a pharmacy/medicine storage and dispensary module has been designed and implemented on group project. This module will help to provide information about the drugs that are in stock and those that need to be ordered.
Impact of the attrition of health care professionals on Zambia's health care delivery system : the case of the University Teaching Hospital (UTH)
(2012-08-01) Bbaala, Phineas
Despite the availability of data and information on the severity of attrition, the problem was the absence of satisfactory researched material on how the attrition of the healthcare professionals had impacted on the delivery of Zambia's public healthcare system. The general objective of the study was to assess the impact of the attrition of the healthcare professionals on the delivery of the public healthcare system in Zambia. The research targeted healthcare professionals, management officials, and the patients at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH). Convenience Sampling was used in the selecting the sample of respondents. The research findings show that attrition of the healthcare professionals has had a negative impact on the delivery of the public healthcare system in Zambia.Due to attrition, the efficiency, and effectiveness of the public healthcare system in Zambia, has reduced. The reduction in the efficiency of the delivery of the public healthcare has been measured through the existence at the UTH of factors that tend to prevent quality inputs into healthcare delivery. These include the increased use of inappropriate healthcare professionals, inadequate time spent on patients by the healthcare professionals due to work overload, and the closure of some important units and subunits at the institution. Effectiveness has been measured in terms of the quality of health outputs the UTH supplies to the patients. The reduction in the effectiveness of the healthcare system at the institution has been hall-marked by the poor response to treatment among the majority of the patients, reduced access to appropriate treatment owing to the closure of some units and subunits where healthcare professionals had left, poor attitude of healthcare professionals towards patients, and the increased death rate among the patients seeking treatment fi-om the institution. In line with the general objwtive of the study, the general conclusion is that the high attrition rate of the healthcare professionals has resulted in poor healthcare delivery of the public healthcare system in Zambia.
The impact of urbanisation of the behaviour of women in Lusaka and Copperbelt 1935-1965
(2015-06-15) Mbolele, Ronnet
Implementation of the minimum wage,its opportunities and challenges
(2015-10-05) Tembo, Weenen

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